Exam 8: A Third Sex

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The man-woman of Zuni society and the hijras of India are both examples of non-binary gender identities within their respective cultural contexts. However, there are significant differences in the cultural environments in which they live and their social roles.

In Zuni society, the man-woman, also known as lhamana, is a recognized gender identity that is considered to be a third gender. Lhamana individuals are assigned male at birth but take on a combination of male and female gender roles and characteristics. They are often involved in traditional Zuni religious and ceremonial practices and are respected members of the community. Their social roles include serving as mediators between the male and female members of the community and participating in important rituals and ceremonies.

On the other hand, hijras in India are a distinct social and cultural group that is often marginalized and stigmatized. Hijras are individuals who do not fit into the traditional male or female gender categories and may be intersex, transgender, or eunuchs. They have a long history in Indian society and have been recognized as a third gender by the government. However, they often face discrimination and limited opportunities for education and employment. Their social roles traditionally include performing at weddings and other ceremonies, as well as begging and engaging in sex work to earn a living.

The cultural environment in which the man-woman of Zuni society and hijras of India live also differs significantly. Zuni society is a Native American community with its own unique cultural traditions and beliefs, while India is a diverse and complex society with a long history of gender diversity and discrimination.

In conclusion, while both the man-woman of Zuni society and hijras of India represent non-binary gender identities, their cultural environments and social roles are distinct. The man-woman is integrated into Zuni society and plays important roles in religious and ceremonial practices, while hijras in India face marginalization and discrimination, often being relegated to performing and begging for survival.