Exam 2: Results of Failure to Comply With Constitutional Mandates

Unconstitutionally seized evidence can be used as a rebuttal to the testimony of the defendant. This practice is known as _________________.

The good faith exception to the exclusionary rule is usually limited to mistakes made by magistrates.

The doctrine of ______________________ states that a master (or police agency) is liable for the actions of the servant (or individual police officer).

If an officer is alleged to have violated an individual's civil rights, he or she may use the defense of ________.

The police often engage in ______________. These actions are not amenable to prior planning and procedure and involve "on-the-spot" decisions.

All countries utilize the exclusionary rule.

Police officers cannot be held criminally liable for violating the civil rights of an individual.

Agencies and municipalities often try to avoid civil liability by _______________.

The Supreme Court has stated that municipalities can be held liable for the actions of the officers they employ.

The exclusionary rule applies to all illegally seized evidence at grand jury proceedings.