Exam 12: Effective Advocacy

Which stock issue is synonymous with harm?

An advocate for reparations (e.g., compensating African Americans whose ancestors were enslaved) argues, "The legacy of slavery is that African Americans experience higher rates of poverty and unemployment compared to other groups, have lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality rates, receive lower quality health care, and are imprisoned disproportionately compared to other ethnic groups." The arguer is focusing primarily on which stock issue below?

Explain what the backfire effect is and provide a specific example of how an arguer might prevent or minimize its effect on an audience.

In a legal setting, the most strict or rigorous standard of proof is:

Which stock issue addresses whether there is a feasible, workable, viable plan of action for changing the status quo?

Which of the following best exemplifies a value dispute?

Which type of value dispute can be likened to divvying up pieces of a pie to determine which value receives a larger slice?

The traditional view is that in a typical, everyday argument:

People often persist in their beliefs even in the face of factual evidence contradicting those beliefs. This is known as:

An opponent of reparations argues, "Paying reparations portrays current African Americans as victims in need of rescuing. Reparations would perpetuate the dependency of African Americans on welfare, food stamps, and other government assistance. Reparations would only foster more negative racial stereotypes."

A medical researcher proclaims, "Our new treatment must be working; not a single patient has complained!" The researcher's claim reflects:

In order to obtain a guilty verdict in a murder trial, the prosecutor would have to establish a motive, intent or malice, opportunity, and proof of foul play. Doing so satisfies which obligation below?

Which of the following is needed to overcome presumption and satisfy the burden of proof?

Taking into account all of the criteria that should be used in evaluating factual claims, which source of evidence below has the greatest expertise or best source qualifications? a. "Around the year 2030 … we will be in a position where we set off an irreversible chain reaction beyond human control, that will most likely lead to the end of our civilization as we know it." Greta Thunberg, Swedish climate activist, aged 17, who organized the "School Strike for Climate Change" and was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize, in a speech presented in 2019. b. "If you ask me how scared I am of climate change ruining the planet, I have to say it is near the bottom of my worries. If science is right … we'll find ways to scrub the atmosphere as needed. We always find ways to avoid slow-moving dangers." Scott Adams, Dilbert creator/cartoonist (2015, December 5). https://blog.dilbert.com/2016/12/05/the-non-expert-problem-and-climate-change-science/" change-science/ c. "Climate change is taking an increasing toll on the nation's environment, health and economy, and the damage will intensify over the century without swift action to slash greenhouse gas emissions." Tony Barboza, (2018, November 24). Climate Report Warns of Bleak Future. Los Angeles Times, p. A-1. d. "The consensus that humans are causing recent global warming is shared by 90%-100% of publishing climate scientists according to six independent studies by co-authors of this paper." Cook, et. al. (2016). Consensus on consensus: A synthesis of consensus estimates on human-cause global warming. Environmental Research Letters, 11(4), 048002. e. "I've starred in a lot of science fiction movies and, let me tell you something, climate change is not science fiction, this is a battle in the real world, it is impacting us right now." Arnold Schwarzenegger, actor and former governor of California. (2015, July 6), as cited in Time Magazine. http://time.com/3966610/arnold-schwarzenegger-climate-change/

The abortion controversy involves competing values. Identify the competing values with which pro-life and pro-choice advocates identify. Is there a rational approach to reconciling their differences?

In order to know what issues important, and what arguments are to make, on a controversial issue, an arguer must use:

With respect to policy disputes, which stock issue focuses on the cause of a problem or the barrier to its solution?

A gun enthusiast argues, "The Second Amendment is more important than all of the other amendments in the Bill of Rights, because without the right to bear arms, there is no way to protect all of the other rights." This statement best illustrates:

Select a specific policy position that you advocate and explain how the issues of significance, inherency, and solvency apply to that policy.

The stock issues of significance, solvency, and inherency apply to: