Question 1

Which of the following independent variables was NOT examined in Milgram's obedience experiments?

Accepted Answer

A) how the instructions to subjects were given by the experiment (in person or via a tape recording) 
B) the distance between the subject and the individual they believed they were shocking 
C) the gender of the experimenter 
D) the location of the study (off versus on the Yale campus) 
E) None of the above; all of the latter variables were examined in Milgram's obedience experiments 
A) how the instructions to subjects were given by the experiment (in person or via a tape recording) 
B) the distance between the subject and the individual they believed they were shocking 
C) the gender of the experimenter 
D) the location of the study (off versus on the Yale campus) 
E) None of the above; all of the latter variables were examined in Milgram's obedience experiments C

Question 2

Discuss classic theories of crowd behavior. Why don't contemporary sociological social psychologists find these models to be of much use in explaining when, and why, people participate in social movements? Describe how theories of social movements have changed over the years.

Accepted Answer

Classic theories of crowd behavior, such as those proposed by Gustave Le Bon and Gabriel Tarde, focused on the idea that individuals in a crowd lose their individuality and become more susceptible to irrational and impulsive behavior. These theories emphasized the contagious nature of emotions and behaviors within a crowd, as well as the idea that crowds have a collective mind that is distinct from the minds of the individuals within it.

Contemporary sociological social psychologists do not find these models to be of much use in explaining when and why people participate in social movements for several reasons. Firstly, these classic theories tend to pathologize crowd behavior, portraying it as inherently irrational and dangerous. This overlooks the fact that many social movements are organized, purposeful, and driven by rational goals. Additionally, these theories often neglect the role of social and political factors in shaping collective action, focusing instead on individual psychological processes.

Over the years, theories of social movements have shifted towards a more nuanced understanding of the factors that drive collective action. Contemporary theories emphasize the role of social networks, political opportunities, and collective identity in mobilizing individuals to participate in social movements. These theories also recognize the diversity of motivations and experiences within social movements, acknowledging that individuals may participate for a variety of reasons, including ideological commitment, social ties, and personal grievances.

In summary, classic theories of crowd behavior are not considered useful for explaining contemporary social movements because they oversimplify and pathologize collective action, neglecting the role of social and political factors. Instead, contemporary theories of social movements have evolved to consider the complex interplay of individual, social, and political factors in driving collective action.

Question 3

In his famous obedience experiments Milgram found that few people were willing to shock someone they didn't know, but the levels of shock subjects administered increased substantially when the individuals being punished were people with power over them (i.e., their teachers or bosses)

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 4

Why do collective (i.e., social) identities increase individuals' likelihoods of participating in a social movement, even when they can benefit from the movement without actually participating (the free rider problem)?

Accepted Answer

A) Challenging out-group members results in positive emotions, which makes direct participation in a social movement appealing. 
B) Participation in a social movement allows people to consciously choose their in-group, which gives them a sense of control over their lives. 
C) People recognize that viewing themselves as activists will lead to the formation of self-enhancing relationships and self-views. 
D) The formation of a collective (social) identity minimizes the distinction between individual and group interests. 
E) both a and b 
A) Challenging out-group members results in positive emotions, which makes direct participation in a social movement appealing. 
B) Participation in a social movement allows people to consciously choose their in-group, which gives them a sense of control over their lives. 
C) People recognize that viewing themselves as activists will lead to the formation of self-enhancing relationships and self-views. 
D) The formation of a collective (social) identity minimizes the distinction between individual and group interests. 
E) both a and b

Question 5

What are institutional fads, and why are they so common within this society? Is this good or bad? Explain.

Accepted Answer

Institutional fads refer to trends or pr

Question 6

There are no fads without:

Accepted Answer

A) advertising 
B) function 
C) names 
D) profit 
E) resistance from nonconverts 
A) advertising 
B) function 
C) names 
D) profit 
E) resistance from nonconverts

Question 7

Flash mobs have become a global phenomenon, as illustrated by International Pillow Fight Day in 2012.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

In what way are urban legends like contagious diseases?

Accepted Answer

A) People become immune to them over time. 
B) People who believe in these tales usually do so for life. 
C) They can be prevented by knowledge, just like diseases can be prevented with vaccines. 
D) They are concentrated among the lower classes and spread primarily in urban areas. 
E) They remain popular because new people are recruited at the same time as others become nonbelievers. 
A) People become immune to them over time. 
B) People who believe in these tales usually do so for life. 
C) They can be prevented by knowledge, just like diseases can be prevented with vaccines. 
D) They are concentrated among the lower classes and spread primarily in urban areas. 
E) They remain popular because new people are recruited at the same time as others become nonbelievers.

Question 9

List and describe the social functions of gossip.

Accepted Answer

Gossip serves several social functions,

Question 10

Social contagion occurs when:

Accepted Answer

A) attitudes or behaviors are transmitted from one group member to another 
B) globalization results in the diffusion of Western norms and values to non-Western cultures 
C) people model their actions after celebrities and other individuals they see in the media 
D) teachers and parents are effective in getting children to take on their world views 
E) values and norms are passed on from one generation to the next 
A) attitudes or behaviors are transmitted from one group member to another 
B) globalization results in the diffusion of Western norms and values to non-Western cultures 
C) people model their actions after celebrities and other individuals they see in the media 
D) teachers and parents are effective in getting children to take on their world views 
E) values and norms are passed on from one generation to the next

Question 11

Both rumors and urban legends are:

Accepted Answer

A) a type of collective behavior 
B) constructed in response to the threat of foreign invasion 
C) reflect the interests of the ruling class 
D) rooted in economic motivations 
E) serve to control the behaviors of the masses 
A) a type of collective behavior 
B) constructed in response to the threat of foreign invasion 
C) reflect the interests of the ruling class 
D) rooted in economic motivations 
E) serve to control the behaviors of the masses

Question 12

Conformity, as a form of social influence, is exhibited when:

Accepted Answer

A) individuals comply with a request 
B) individuals plan patterns of action that reflect the expectations of others within their social network 
C) people behave in a manner that is consistent with prevailing social norms 
D) people, usually children, copy the behaviors of individuals they want to be like 
E) someone changes his or her behavior to match that of other group members 
A) individuals comply with a request 
B) individuals plan patterns of action that reflect the expectations of others within their social network 
C) people behave in a manner that is consistent with prevailing social norms 
D) people, usually children, copy the behaviors of individuals they want to be like 
E) someone changes his or her behavior to match that of other group members

Question 13

According to emergent norm theory, ____________________ occurs when individuals present suggestions as to how people should respond in an ambiguous situation.

Accepted Answer

A) altercasting 
B) bargaining 
C) juxtaposing 
D) keynoting 
E) partioning 
A) altercasting 
B) bargaining 
C) juxtaposing 
D) keynoting 
E) partioning

Question 14

How has the concept of the self-fulfilling prophecy been used to explain why the expectation that others will participate in a social movement, at the aggregate level, often translates into movement success.

Accepted Answer

The concept of the self-fulfilling proph

Question 15

Define the terms ""social movement"" and ""coalition."" Why does the formation of a collective (i.e., a social) identity increase individuals' likelihood of participating in either a social movement or a coalition?

Accepted Answer

A social movement is a large, organized

Question 16

How has the concept of social support been used by sociological social psychologists to explain the experiences of social movement participants?

Accepted Answer

The concept of social support has been u

Question 17

The link between social movement organizations' and individuals' interpretive schemata, so that their goals, activities, and ideologies are consistent is called:

Accepted Answer

A) frame alignment 
B) linking 
C) matching public cognition 
D) schematization 
E) synthesizing situational definitions 
A) frame alignment 
B) linking 
C) matching public cognition 
D) schematization 
E) synthesizing situational definitions

Question 18

Describe Asch's classic line-matching experiment. What does this study tell us about behavior in groups?

Accepted Answer

Asch's classic line-matching experiment

Question 19

A social movement occurs, in one form or another, any time a crowd of people assembles.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

How do socially based identities (i.e., identities as defined by identity theorists, within the SI face of sociological social psychology) influence social movement participation?

Accepted Answer

A) Individuals who participate in a social movement often receive feedback that undermines conventional family or work identities, which often leads them to limit their movement involvements. 
B) Involvement in a social movement may be a way for people to cultivate new identities. 
C) People's positions within social movement organizations reflects leadership skills cultivated in relation to other identities (e.g., worker) 
D) The extent to which movement and nonmovement identities overlap may influence individuals' levels of involvement in a social movement. 
E) both b and d 
A) Individuals who participate in a social movement often receive feedback that undermines conventional family or work identities, which often leads them to limit their movement involvements. 
B) Involvement in a social movement may be a way for people to cultivate new identities. 
C) People's positions within social movement organizations reflects leadership skills cultivated in relation to other identities (e.g., worker) 
D) The extent to which movement and nonmovement identities overlap may influence individuals' levels of involvement in a social movement. 
E) both b and d

Which of the following independent variables was NOT examined in Milgram's obedience experiments?

Discuss classic theories of crowd behavior. Why don't contemporary sociological social psychologists find these models to be of much use in explaining when, and why, people participate in social movements? Describe how theories of social movements have changed over the years.

In his famous obedience experiments Milgram found that few people were willing to shock someone they didn't know, but the levels of shock subjects administered increased substantially when the individuals being punished were people with power over them (i.e., their teachers or bosses)

Why do collective (i.e., social) identities increase individuals' likelihoods of participating in a social movement, even when they can benefit from the movement without actually participating (the free rider problem)?

What are institutional fads, and why are they so common within this society? Is this good or bad? Explain.

There are no fads without:

Flash mobs have become a global phenomenon, as illustrated by International Pillow Fight Day in 2012.

In what way are urban legends like contagious diseases?

List and describe the social functions of gossip.

Social contagion occurs when:

Both rumors and urban legends are:

Conformity, as a form of social influence, is exhibited when:

According to emergent norm theory, ____________________ occurs when individuals present suggestions as to how people should respond in an ambiguous situation.

How has the concept of the self-fulfilling prophecy been used to explain why the expectation that others will participate in a social movement, at the aggregate level, often translates into movement success.

Define the terms ""social movement"" and ""coalition."" Why does the formation of a collective (i.e., a social) identity increase individuals' likelihood of participating in either a social movement or a coalition?

How has the concept of social support been used by sociological social psychologists to explain the experiences of social movement participants?

The link between social movement organizations' and individuals' interpretive schemata, so that their goals, activities, and ideologies are consistent is called:

Describe Asch's classic line-matching experiment. What does this study tell us about behavior in groups?

A social movement occurs, in one form or another, any time a crowd of people assembles.

How do socially based identities (i.e., identities as defined by identity theorists, within the SI face of sociological social psychology) influence social movement participation?

What Is Sociological Social Psychology

Research Methods in Sociological Social Psychology

Symbolic Interactionism and Related Perspectives

The Social Structure and Personality Perspective

Group Processes and Structure

Socialization Throughout the Life Course

Self and Identity

Emotions and Social Life

Deviance and Social Control

Mental Health and Illness

Personal Relationships

Prejudice and Discrimination

Filters

Exam 13: Social Influence, Social Constraint, and Social Change

Which of the following independent variables was NOT examined in Milgram's obedience experiments?

Discuss classic theories of crowd behavior. Why don't contemporary sociological social psychologists find these models to be of much use in explaining when, and why, people participate in social movements? Describe how theories of social movements have changed over the years.

In his famous obedience experiments Milgram found that few people were willing to shock someone they didn't know, but the levels of shock subjects administered increased substantially when the individuals being punished were people with power over them (i.e., their teachers or bosses)

Why do collective (i.e., social) identities increase individuals' likelihoods of participating in a social movement, even when they can benefit from the movement without actually participating (the free rider problem)?

What are institutional fads, and why are they so common within this society? Is this good or bad? Explain.

There are no fads without:

Flash mobs have become a global phenomenon, as illustrated by International Pillow Fight Day in 2012.

In what way are urban legends like contagious diseases?

List and describe the social functions of gossip.

Social contagion occurs when:

Both rumors and urban legends are:

Conformity, as a form of social influence, is exhibited when:

According to emergent norm theory, ____________________ occurs when individuals present suggestions as to how people should respond in an ambiguous situation.

How has the concept of the self-fulfilling prophecy been used to explain why the expectation that others will participate in a social movement, at the aggregate level, often translates into movement success.

Define the terms ""social movement"" and ""coalition."" Why does the formation of a collective (i.e., a social) identity increase individuals' likelihood of participating in either a social movement or a coalition?

How has the concept of social support been used by sociological social psychologists to explain the experiences of social movement participants?

The link between social movement organizations' and individuals' interpretive schemata, so that their goals, activities, and ideologies are consistent is called:

Describe Asch's classic line-matching experiment. What does this study tell us about behavior in groups?

A social movement occurs, in one form or another, any time a crowd of people assembles.

How do socially based identities (i.e., identities as defined by identity theorists, within the SI face of sociological social psychology) influence social movement participation?

What Is Sociological Social Psychology

Research Methods in Sociological Social Psychology

Symbolic Interactionism and Related Perspectives

The Social Structure and Personality Perspective

Group Processes and Structure

Socialization Throughout the Life Course

Self and Identity

Emotions and Social Life

Deviance and Social Control

Mental Health and Illness

Personal Relationships

Prejudice and Discrimination

Filters