Exam 6: Materialism and Idealism: Structure versus Culture

_________ is a patterned strategy for survival in certain ecological, social, or political contexts, a set of adaptations that "worked" better than alternative and was thus retained and passed down across the generations.

According to the text, what theories leave the impression that flesh-and-blood individuals are irrelevant to explaining crime?

Whose theories describe criminal behaviors as the rational response of individuals confronted with a situation structured by the social relations of capitalism?

According to the text, ___________explanations are conveniently useful in ideologically acceptable circumstances but racist when they are not.

Who stated "A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violations of law over definitions unfavorable to violations of law"?

Longitudinal studies pitting neighborhood versus individual characteristics against each other invariably find greater explanatory power for individual factors.

According to the text, social scientists are only concerned with ________ forms of materialism and idealism as they relate to pragmatic human activity.

From an individualist perspective, a _________ is a macro mirror reflecting the combined micro images of all the individuals who live in it.

According to the text, abstract though it is, structure reveals its reality by the impact it has on people because it is the setting in which they play out their lives.

According to the text, environmental conditions evoke certain patterns of behavior, which are then elevated to the level of transmitted values and norms guiding the expected behavior of all who belong to the culture.

Who asserted that opposites need one another to arrive at truth, and to arrive at truth we state a thesis, engage an antithesis, and through rational discourse combine them into a coherent synthesis.

Plato's transcendental Forms are the quintessence of _________.

Who was a materialist who saw the causes of social development and human action in material things such as economic factors?

For ________ theorists, crime and delinquency are motivated by conformity to lower-class values and beliefs: people commit crimes because they have learned that it is something almost demanded by their class heritage

________________ is an idealist view that culture is socially constructed and passed down the generations as mental representations of reality.