Exam 5: What Is Real and How Do We Know?

With Kant, _________ asserts that the conceptual categories by which we organize the universe do not correspond to any inherent structure of the universe, but rather they are products of the human mind

Both Plato and Aristotle were __________ about universals, although their ideas about them were radically different.

The nature of existence or being is a question of:

In self-report studies, those with a criminal history:

Strong ___________ tend to adopt a nominalist position without necessarily being aware that they are doing so, because they disdain quantitative generalizing accounts and embrace qualitative specificity.

According to the text, the ontological position of labeling theorists is weak:

According to the text, since most crime is intraracial, not to arrest black criminal perpetrators would result in charges of racism with respect to a disregard for black victims.

Labeling theory distinguishes between primary deviance resulting from society's reaction and secondary deviance consisting of the nonconforming act that comes to the attention of the authorities.

the most dramatic advances in science have typically come from:

Who views all subjects or objects named as unique representations of the world?

Nominalist philosophers claim the reality of abstract universals and the usefulness of generalities.

__________ maintain that to make use of universals such as humanness we ignore individual differences such as gender, color, size, age, and so on.

A discipline's ________ informs its scholars of the fundamental categories of reality within its domain, and its ___________ defines how they should discover more about them.

According to the text, why do many older self-report crime surveys provide a highly distorted picture of criminal activity?

____________ universal abstractions, such as humanness, femaleness, strength, and intelligence, are qualities we ascribe to humans, and thus human beings must exist before we can realistically talk about things that describe them.