Question 1

The five criteria for evaluating scientific hypotheses do not tell us that:

Accepted Answer

A) the facts in question must be deducible from the proposed hypotheses. 
B) certain procedures must be followed in order to generate truly scientific hypotheses. 
C) there must be the possibility of making observations that confirm or discon- firm the proposed hypothesis. 
D) any system of explanatory hypotheses must be self-consistent. 
A) the facts in question must be deducible from the proposed hypotheses. 
B) certain procedures must be followed in order to generate truly scientific hypotheses. 
C) there must be the possibility of making observations that confirm or discon- firm the proposed hypothesis. 
D) any system of explanatory hypotheses must be self-consistent. B

Question 2

Matching:
-Sometimes a hypothesis is chosen over a rival hypothesis, even though they both explain the world equally well, just because it is ________.

Accepted Answer

A) simpler 
B) more elegant 
C) more popular 
A) simpler 
B) more elegant 
C) more popular A

Question 3

Why do scientists accept scientific theories?

Accepted Answer

A) because they come on good authority 
B) because they have overwhelming evidence in their favor 
C) because they are based on longstanding tradition 
D) because they trigger deeply felt intuitions 
A) because they come on good authority 
B) because they have overwhelming evidence in their favor 
C) because they are based on longstanding tradition 
D) because they trigger deeply felt intuitions B

Question 4

Sir Isaac Newton's celestial mechanics based on his theories of gravitation and motion replaced the astronomical theories of Kepler and Galileo because it:

Accepted Answer

A) explained everything that the previous theories did and some additional phenomena. 
B) was set on a firmer scientific basis than the older theories. 
C) got rid of a system of confusing epicycles. 
D) had been proved to be true with a series of brilliant crucial experiments. 
A) explained everything that the previous theories did and some additional phenomena. 
B) was set on a firmer scientific basis than the older theories. 
C) got rid of a system of confusing epicycles. 
D) had been proved to be true with a series of brilliant crucial experiments.

Question 5

Which one of the following statements does not help explain why every classification we make is also a bit of a hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A) The best classifications tell us something essential about the thing they namesomething that is so much a part of that thing that if it were changed the thing really wouldn't be what it is. 
B) There is not enough time in the world to describe any event or object in infinite detail; thus choices must be made about what to include and exclude in the description.These choices are made on the basis of hypotheses concerning what is important. 
C) Scientists can't classify organisms without making guesses about how those organisms are causally related to each other; when they do that they are proposing biological hypotheses. 
D) Classifications are always made in order to make comprehending a mass of information easier and "easier" is, of course, defined in accordance with whatever interests the classifier has. 
A) The best classifications tell us something essential about the thing they namesomething that is so much a part of that thing that if it were changed the thing really wouldn't be what it is. 
B) There is not enough time in the world to describe any event or object in infinite detail; thus choices must be made about what to include and exclude in the description.These choices are made on the basis of hypotheses concerning what is important. 
C) Scientists can't classify organisms without making guesses about how those organisms are causally related to each other; when they do that they are proposing biological hypotheses. 
D) Classifications are always made in order to make comprehending a mass of information easier and "easier" is, of course, defined in accordance with whatever interests the classifier has.

Question 6

There is no difference between dogmatic explanation and scientific explanation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Scientific explanations, because they are based on empirical evidence, inspire greater
 loyalty than unscientific explanations.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Problems in science are sometimes solved by scientists who are motivated by the
 desire to show the connections between the earlier discoveries of two of their
 teachers.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Which, of the choices below, is the least important reason for scientists to pursue their fields?

Accepted Answer

A) They want to satisfy their curiosity. 
B) They want to find practical solutions to human problems. 
C) They want to increase the total amount of information available to humanity. 
D) They want to unify knowledge and make it simpler. 
A) They want to satisfy their curiosity. 
B) They want to find practical solutions to human problems. 
C) They want to increase the total amount of information available to humanity. 
D) They want to unify knowledge and make it simpler.

Question 10

Scientific investigation cannot begin until:

Accepted Answer

A) a considerable amount of background research has been done on a given ques- tion to determine which hypothesis is the most promising. 
B) all the scientists engaged on a project can agree upon what method to use to find answers to a question. 
C) the problem to be solved is clearly identified. 
D) scientists meet and decide to cooperate in research activity. 
A) a considerable amount of background research has been done on a given ques- tion to determine which hypothesis is the most promising. 
B) all the scientists engaged on a project can agree upon what method to use to find answers to a question. 
C) the problem to be solved is clearly identified. 
D) scientists meet and decide to cooperate in research activity.

Question 11

Matching:
-A(n) ________ hypothesis is helpful in sorting relevant from irrelevant facts when an investigator is collecting facts.

Accepted Answer

A) explanatory 
B) preliminary 
C) Final 
A) explanatory 
B) preliminary 
C) Final

Question 12

Matching:
-Science is ________-that is, it holds that sensory experience is the basis for every scientific statement.

Accepted Answer

A) a priori 
B) empirical 
C) biased 
A) a priori 
B) empirical 
C) biased

Question 13

Matching:
-The only real test of truth in science for a hypothesis is whether it is supported by ________.

Accepted Answer

A) evidence 
B) scientists 
C) politicians 
A) evidence 
B) scientists 
C) politicians

Question 14

In formulating a final hypothesis which eventually becomes an accepted scientific explanation,

Accepted Answer

A) researchers must take care not to reach beyond the facts. 
B) scientists must account for all of the new information which their investigation uncovers but they need not worry about explaining facts accounted for by previous theories. 
C) an "imaginative leap" is often necessary which reaches beyond the facts. 
D) the sky is the limit-scientists should realize that a creative hypothesis is like a great work of art, and has no conceptual limits. 
A) researchers must take care not to reach beyond the facts. 
B) scientists must account for all of the new information which their investigation uncovers but they need not worry about explaining facts accounted for by previous theories. 
C) an "imaginative leap" is often necessary which reaches beyond the facts. 
D) the sky is the limit-scientists should realize that a creative hypothesis is like a great work of art, and has no conceptual limits.

Question 15

There are no rules that can tell anyone how to generate good hypotheses, and no
 rules to which acceptable hypotheses must conform.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Scientists are not primarily interested in cataloging facts.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

An objective scientist, when comparing two classification schemes, would:

Accepted Answer

A) realize that one cannot reasonably be preferred over the other since all classification springs from whatever practical interests inspired it. 
B) prefer the simpler scheme. 
C) prefer the scheme which allows more facts to be predicted and more theories to be generated out of it. 
D) prefer the scheme which reflects reality most accurately. 
A) realize that one cannot reasonably be preferred over the other since all classification springs from whatever practical interests inspired it. 
B) prefer the simpler scheme. 
C) prefer the scheme which allows more facts to be predicted and more theories to be generated out of it. 
D) prefer the scheme which reflects reality most accurately.

Question 18

Which sentence describes a preliminary hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A) It is the sort of thing that misleads researchers who are searching for objective answers. 
B) It should not be formulated until all available information has been evaluated. 
C) It is that scientific explanation which subsequent research will ultimately confirm or disconfirm. 
D) It is a framework which guides researchers in the collection of data. 
A) It is the sort of thing that misleads researchers who are searching for objective answers. 
B) It should not be formulated until all available information has been evaluated. 
C) It is that scientific explanation which subsequent research will ultimately confirm or disconfirm. 
D) It is a framework which guides researchers in the collection of data.

Question 19

Matching:
-After a preliminary hypothesis has been confirmed, a second, more complete ________ hypothesis is formulated

Accepted Answer

A) simple 
B) causal 
C) explanatory 
A) simple 
B) causal 
C) explanatory

Question 20

When a hypothesis is labeled ad hoc, one of several senses may be intended.Which of the statements below does not describe one of these senses?

Accepted Answer

A) The hypothesis was devised in order to take some specific data into account. 
B) The hypothesis was devised in order to cover up an inconsistency in the theoretical structure caused by the appearance of some new data. 
C) The hypothesis was created in a sort of theoretical vacuum: it explains the phenomenon that needs explaining but nothing else. 
D) The hypothesis was created in order to provide an adequate explanation of some data, but does not succeed in doing so. 
A) The hypothesis was devised in order to take some specific data into account. 
B) The hypothesis was devised in order to cover up an inconsistency in the theoretical structure caused by the appearance of some new data. 
C) The hypothesis was created in a sort of theoretical vacuum: it explains the phenomenon that needs explaining but nothing else. 
D) The hypothesis was created in order to provide an adequate explanation of some data, but does not succeed in doing so.

The five criteria for evaluating scientific hypotheses do not tell us that:

Matching: -Sometimes a hypothesis is chosen over a rival hypothesis, even though they both explain the world equally well, just because it is ________.

Why do scientists accept scientific theories?

Sir Isaac Newton's celestial mechanics based on his theories of gravitation and motion replaced the astronomical theories of Kepler and Galileo because it:

Which one of the following statements does not help explain why every classification we make is also a bit of a hypothesis?

There is no difference between dogmatic explanation and scientific explanation.

Scientific explanations, because they are based on empirical evidence, inspire greater loyalty than unscientific explanations.

Problems in science are sometimes solved by scientists who are motivated by the desire to show the connections between the earlier discoveries of two of their teachers.

Which, of the choices below, is the least important reason for scientists to pursue their fields?

Scientific investigation cannot begin until:

Matching: -A(n) ________ hypothesis is helpful in sorting relevant from irrelevant facts when an investigator is collecting facts.

Matching: -Science is ________-that is, it holds that sensory experience is the basis for every scientific statement.

Matching: -The only real test of truth in science for a hypothesis is whether it is supported by ________.

In formulating a final hypothesis which eventually becomes an accepted scientific explanation,

There are no rules that can tell anyone how to generate good hypotheses, and no rules to which acceptable hypotheses must conform.

Scientists are not primarily interested in cataloging facts.

An objective scientist, when comparing two classification schemes, would:

Which sentence describes a preliminary hypothesis?

Matching: -After a preliminary hypothesis has been confirmed, a second, more complete ________ hypothesis is formulated

When a hypothesis is labeled ad hoc, one of several senses may be intended.Which of the statements below does not describe one of these senses?

Basic Logical Concepts

Analyzing Arguments

Language and Definitions

Fallacies

Categorical Propositions

Categorical Syllogisms

Syllogisms in Ordinary Language

Propositional Logic I

Propositional Logic II

Predicate Logic

Analogical Reasoning

Causal Reasoning

Probability

Filters

Exam 13: Science and Hypothesis

The five criteria for evaluating scientific hypotheses do not tell us that:

Matching: -Sometimes a hypothesis is chosen over a rival hypothesis, even though they both explain the world equally well, just because it is ________.

Why do scientists accept scientific theories?

Sir Isaac Newton's celestial mechanics based on his theories of gravitation and motion replaced the astronomical theories of Kepler and Galileo because it:

Which one of the following statements does not help explain why every classification we make is also a bit of a hypothesis?

There is no difference between dogmatic explanation and scientific explanation.

Scientific explanations, because they are based on empirical evidence, inspire greater loyalty than unscientific explanations.

Problems in science are sometimes solved by scientists who are motivated by the desire to show the connections between the earlier discoveries of two of their teachers.

Which, of the choices below, is the least important reason for scientists to pursue their fields?

Scientific investigation cannot begin until:

Matching: -A(n) ________ hypothesis is helpful in sorting relevant from irrelevant facts when an investigator is collecting facts.

Matching: -Science is ________-that is, it holds that sensory experience is the basis for every scientific statement.

Matching: -The only real test of truth in science for a hypothesis is whether it is supported by ________.

In formulating a final hypothesis which eventually becomes an accepted scientific explanation,

There are no rules that can tell anyone how to generate good hypotheses, and no rules to which acceptable hypotheses must conform.

Scientists are not primarily interested in cataloging facts.

An objective scientist, when comparing two classification schemes, would:

Which sentence describes a preliminary hypothesis?

Matching: -After a preliminary hypothesis has been confirmed, a second, more complete ________ hypothesis is formulated

When a hypothesis is labeled ad hoc, one of several senses may be intended.Which of the statements below does not describe one of these senses?

Basic Logical Concepts

Analyzing Arguments

Language and Definitions

Fallacies

Categorical Propositions

Categorical Syllogisms

Syllogisms in Ordinary Language

Propositional Logic I

Propositional Logic II

Predicate Logic

Analogical Reasoning

Causal Reasoning

Probability

Filters