Question 1

Which of the following is not a potential issue in doing psychology scientifically?

Accepted Answer

A)  There may be difficulties with measurement. 
B)  People may react to being studied. 
C)  Studies may lack validity. 
D)  Psychology cannot be done scientifically. 
A)  There may be difficulties with measurement. 
B)  People may react to being studied. 
C)  Studies may lack validity. 
D)  Psychology cannot be done scientifically. D

Question 2

What did the Viennese circle of philosophers add to positivism to form logical positivism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Induction 
B)  Propositional logic 
C)  Deduction 
D)  Predicate calculus 
A)  Induction 
B)  Propositional logic 
C)  Deduction 
D)  Predicate calculus C

Question 3

Which of the following statements does not apply to quasi-experiments?

Accepted Answer

A)  We can identify differences between groups. 
B)  We cannot ascribe causality. 
C)  We can use standard statistical techniques. 
D)  We can manipulate the independent variable. 
A)  We can identify differences between groups. 
B)  We cannot ascribe causality. 
C)  We can use standard statistical techniques. 
D)  We can manipulate the independent variable. D

Question 4

Three of the following are necessary to be able to claim that one variable has caused a change in another variable. Which one answer does not allow us to make that claim?

Accepted Answer

A)  An experimental design. 
B)  A correlation between the two variables. 
C)  Control for other variables. 
D)  Accurate measurement. 
A)  An experimental design. 
B)  A correlation between the two variables. 
C)  Control for other variables. 
D)  Accurate measurement.

Question 5

Which of the following is not a class of experimenter artefacts?

Accepted Answer

A)  Observer effects 
B)  Interpreter effects 
C)  Accidental effects 
D)  Expectancy effects 
A)  Observer effects 
B)  Interpreter effects 
C)  Accidental effects 
D)  Expectancy effects

Question 6

What did Popper suggest as a hallmark of a good scientific theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parsimony 
B)  Falsifiability 
C)  Empiricism 
D)  Determinism 
A)  Parsimony 
B)  Falsifiability 
C)  Empiricism 
D)  Determinism

Question 7

What term is used to refer to participant artefacts where participants try to do what they think is expected of them?

Accepted Answer

A)  The good subject effect 
B)  The halo effect 
C)  The Hawthorne effect 
D)  The horns effect 
A)  The good subject effect 
B)  The halo effect 
C)  The Hawthorne effect 
D)  The horns effect

Question 8

What assumption underlies the principle of operationism?

Accepted Answer

A)  That unobservable factors have observable consequences. 
B)  That we can directly measure intangible constructs. 
C)  That psychological constructs are always tangible. 
D)  That we should not investigate things we cannot observe directly. 
A)  That unobservable factors have observable consequences. 
B)  That we can directly measure intangible constructs. 
C)  That psychological constructs are always tangible. 
D)  That we should not investigate things we cannot observe directly.

Question 9

What is 'ontology'?

Accepted Answer

A)  A view of what kinds of things exist. 
B)  A view of what we can know about things that exist. 
C)  The methods we can use to find out about things. 
D)  A form of reflexive discourse. 
A)  A view of what kinds of things exist. 
B)  A view of what we can know about things that exist. 
C)  The methods we can use to find out about things. 
D)  A form of reflexive discourse.

Question 10

Which of the following is not a feature of new paradigm research methods?

Accepted Answer

A)  They study people in real life settings. 
B)  They use open-ended methods to gather information. 
C)  They see participants as collaborators in the research. 
D)  They emphasize the need to maintain objectivity. 
A)  They study people in real life settings. 
B)  They use open-ended methods to gather information. 
C)  They see participants as collaborators in the research. 
D)  They emphasize the need to maintain objectivity.

Question 11

Which of the following is not a part of science?

Accepted Answer

A)  Observing regularities 
B)  Making predictions 
C)  Testing predictions 
D)  Making assumptions 
A)  Observing regularities 
B)  Making predictions 
C)  Testing predictions 
D)  Making assumptions

Question 12

What is another term for the scientific method in psychology?

Accepted Answer

A)  The hypothetico-deductive method. 
B)  The observational method. 
C)  The correlational method. 
D)  The longitudinal method. 
A)  The hypothetico-deductive method. 
B)  The observational method. 
C)  The correlational method. 
D)  The longitudinal method.

Question 13

Which of the following is a hypothetical construct?

Accepted Answer

A)  A psychological phenomenon we can observe directly. 
B)  A way of measuring tangible objects. 
C)  A psychological phenomenon that we assume exists but cannot directly measure. 
D)  A way of measuring intangible objects. 
A)  A psychological phenomenon we can observe directly. 
B)  A way of measuring tangible objects. 
C)  A psychological phenomenon that we assume exists but cannot directly measure. 
D)  A way of measuring intangible objects.

Question 14

What is 'internal validity'?

Accepted Answer

A)  The extent to which the results of a study can be generalised. 
B)  The extent to which a study investigates what it purports to investigate. 
C)  The extent to which a study will produce the same results if repeated. 
D)  The extent to which two groups in a study differ. 
A)  The extent to which the results of a study can be generalised. 
B)  The extent to which a study investigates what it purports to investigate. 
C)  The extent to which a study will produce the same results if repeated. 
D)  The extent to which two groups in a study differ.

Question 15

Which of the following is not an aim of science?

Accepted Answer

A)  Description 
B)  Prediction 
C)  Prescription 
D)  Control 
A)  Description 
B)  Prediction 
C)  Prescription 
D)  Control

Question 16

Which of the following is not a commonly held view about research methods in psychology?

Accepted Answer

A)  Psychology is and should be a science. 
B)  Psychology should reject scientific methods and use new paradigm methods exclusively. 
C)  Psychology should reject empiricism. 
D)  Psychology should use a mix of methods. 
A)  Psychology is and should be a science. 
B)  Psychology should reject scientific methods and use new paradigm methods exclusively. 
C)  Psychology should reject empiricism. 
D)  Psychology should use a mix of methods.

Question 17

Which of the following is not a threat to external validity?

Accepted Answer

A)  The size of the effect found. 
B)  The need to have internal validity. 
C)  The representativeness of the sample. 
D)  The reliability of the measurements used. 
A)  The size of the effect found. 
B)  The need to have internal validity. 
C)  The representativeness of the sample. 
D)  The reliability of the measurements used.

Question 18

When does reification occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  When we prove that a hypothetical construct exists. 
B)  When we wrongly assume that a hypothetical construct exists. 
C)  When we successfully measure a phenomenon. 
D)  When a measure is reliable over time. 
A)  When we prove that a hypothetical construct exists. 
B)  When we wrongly assume that a hypothetical construct exists. 
C)  When we successfully measure a phenomenon. 
D)  When a measure is reliable over time.

Question 19

How did Kuhn suggest science develops?

Accepted Answer

A)  Through incremental improvement. 
B)  Through the efforts of a few great individuals. 
C)  Through the development of new technology. 
D)  Through paradigm shifts. 
A)  Through incremental improvement. 
B)  Through the efforts of a few great individuals. 
C)  Through the development of new technology. 
D)  Through paradigm shifts.

Question 20

What term is used to describe a study where there are pre-existing groups of participants?

Accepted Answer

A)  A correlational design. 
B)  A quasi-experimental design. 
C)  A multi-factorial design. 
D)  A multi-variate design. 
A)  A correlational design. 
B)  A quasi-experimental design. 
C)  A multi-factorial design. 
D)  A multi-variate design.

Exam 2: Psychology As a Science

Which of the following is not a potential issue in doing psychology scientifically?

What did the Viennese circle of philosophers add to positivism to form logical positivism?

Which of the following statements does not apply to quasi-experiments?

Three of the following are necessary to be able to claim that one variable has caused a change in another variable. Which one answer does not allow us to make that claim?

Which of the following is not a class of experimenter artefacts?

What did Popper suggest as a hallmark of a good scientific theory?

What term is used to refer to participant artefacts where participants try to do what they think is expected of them?

What assumption underlies the principle of operationism?

What is 'ontology'?

Which of the following is not a feature of new paradigm research methods?

Which of the following is not a part of science?

What is another term for the scientific method in psychology?

Which of the following is a hypothetical construct?

What is 'internal validity'?

Which of the following is not an aim of science?

Which of the following is not a commonly held view about research methods in psychology?

Which of the following is not a threat to external validity?

When does reification occur?

How did Kuhn suggest science develops?

What term is used to describe a study where there are pre-existing groups of participants?

Approaches to Psychology

Bias in Psychology

Issues and Debates in Psychology

Introduction to Psychobiology and Genetics

The Brain, Neurons and Nervous Systems

Animal Learning and Cognition

Motivation, Brain Reward Mechanisms and Behaviour

Emotion and Sleep

Perceptual Systems and Motor Control

Perception

Attention

Memory

Language

Thinking and Reasoning

An Introduction to Developmental Psychology

Cognitive Development: Thinking, Information and Representations

Communication, Language and Literacy

The Self, Others and Social Relationships

Issues and Themes in Social Psychology

Attitudes, Persuasion and Attitude Change

Attribution

Impression Formation and Social Interaction

Social Influence and Group Processes

The Psychology of Emotion

Motivation

The Psychology of the Self

Personality

Intelligence

Psychometric Testing

Basic Issues in Psychopathology

Psychopathology and Its Causes, and Treating Psychopathology

Health Psychology

Why Do We Need Research Methods

Collecting Data

Summarizing Data

Going Beyond Your Sample

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