Exam 4: Psychology: Understanding Learning and Development

Learning that is not reflected in actual performance is called _______________ learning.

___________________ refers to gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned behavior when it is no longer followed by a reinforcer.

Factors that can change or vary and are capable of being observed, measured, and verified are called ____________.

_________________ is the operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed.

________________ refers to the presentation of an event or stimulus following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.

___________________ is an American psychologist who experimentally investigated observational learning, emphasizing the role of cognitive factors.

The ________________ variable in an experiment is purposely manipulated in order to effect a change in other variable.

Naturalistic observation, surveys, case studies, and correlational studies are commonly used ______________ methods.

________________ involves the presentation or addition of a reinforcing stimulus following an operant.

______________ focuses on designing programs that promote the intellectual, social, and emotional development of children, including those with special needs.

Even experiments conducted in natural settings have disadvantages, such as a ___________ in experimental control.

_____________ is the tendency of an animal to revert to its instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response.

__________________ is an American psychologist who experimentally demonstrated the involvement of cognitive processes in classical conditioning.

________________ is the basic learning process that involves changing the probability of a response being repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response.

A ________________ reinforcer is a stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities.

_________________ is a statistical technique that involves combining and analyzing the results of many research studies on a specific topic in order to identify overall trends.

_________________ is Skinner's term for an actively emitted behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences.

Once a researcher has identified a question or issue to be investigated, it must be posed in the form of a _____________ that can be tested empirically.

A tentative explanation that tries to account for the diverse findings on the same topic is called a ______________ or a model.

_____________ is an intensive, in-depth investigation of an individual and can involve compiling data from a wide variety of different sources.