Exam 2: Ideological and Theoretical Underpinnings to Sentencing and Correctional Policy

According to operant conditioning, what term refers to the removal of a stimulus rather than being used to denote something that is bad or harmful?

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(Multiple Choice)

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Question 1

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Describe strain theory. How does this theory relate to corrections?

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(Essay)

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Question 2

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The theory denotes that when individuals cannot obtain success goals (money, status, etc.), they tend to experience a sense of pressure often called strain. Under certain conditions, they are likely to respond to this strain by engaging in criminal behavior. In American society, this is often aggravated by the continued emphasis on material (monetary) success and the corresponding lack of emphasis on the means by which such material accumulation is obtained. In other words, these authors contend that society in the United States emphasizes winning the game (of life) much more than how the game (of life) is played. Hence, so many people commit crime and become incarcerated by American society.

Restorative justice implies that an offender should be provided the means to achieve a constructive level of functioning in society, with an implicit expectation that such offenders will be deterred from reoffending due to their having worthwhile stakes in legitimate society stakes that they will not wish to lose as a consequence of criminal offending.

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(True/False)

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Question 3

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______ is implemented by identifying inmates who are of particular concern to public safety and by providing those specific offenders with much longer sentences than would be given to other inmates.

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 4

Which famous labeling theorists suggested a particularly insightful addition to the labeling theory literature that is specifically suited for the field of community supervision?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 5

The social disorganization theory contends that individuals become stabilized in criminal roles when they are labeled as criminals, are stigmatized, develop criminal identities, are sent to prison, and are excluded from conventional roles?

(True/False)

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Question 6

Which theory contends that individuals become stabilized in criminal roles when they are labeled as criminals, are stigmatized, develop criminal identities, are sent to prison, and are excluded from conventional roles?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 7

Which of the following individual personality traits is associated with criminal behavior?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 8

Which individual personality traits are related to criminal behavior?

(Essay)

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Question 9

Selective incapacitation involves identifying inmates who are of particular concern to public safety and providing them with much longer sentences.

(True/False)

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Question 10

What usually results in a differential response toward a group without providing any legally legitimate reasons for that response?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 11

Monetary fines are perhaps the least serious of sanctions, followed by a very wide range of intermediate community-based sanctions.

(True/False)

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Question 12

Disparities were noted to be especially problematic in the northeastern part of the United States, and it has been found that disparities with punishments exist with both prison sentences and the application of the death penalty.

(True/False)

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Question 13

The social learning theory believes that inequality and power are the central issues underlying crime and its control.

(True/False)

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Question 14

When using the term calibrate, it is meant that sanctions can be selected in such a manner that allows us to, through an additive process, weigh the seriousness and number of the sanction(s) that are given so that the punishment effect is as proportional to the crime as can be arranged. The desire to establish proportionality harkens back to the thinking of classical criminologists, and this should not be surprising.

(True/False)

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Question 15

Explain the difference between disparity and discrimination. Why are the terms frequently used in the field of corrections?

(Essay)

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Question 16

Classical criminologists appealed to the use of reason in applying punishments, and that is precisely what a continuum seeks to achieve.

(True/False)

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Question 17

What refers to inconsistencies in sentencing and/or sanctions that result from the decision-making process?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 18

Though the majority of offenders under supervision are on community supervision, the ______ type of sentence still draws public interest due to its ominous nature.

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 19

According to operant conditioning, consequences that strengthen a given behavior are called ______.

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 20

Showing 1 - 20 of 86

According to operant conditioning, what term refers to the removal of a stimulus rather than being used to denote something that is bad or harmful?

Describe strain theory. How does this theory relate to corrections?

______ is implemented by identifying inmates who are of particular concern to public safety and by providing those specific offenders with much longer sentences than would be given to other inmates.

Which famous labeling theorists suggested a particularly insightful addition to the labeling theory literature that is specifically suited for the field of community supervision?

The social disorganization theory contends that individuals become stabilized in criminal roles when they are labeled as criminals, are stigmatized, develop criminal identities, are sent to prison, and are excluded from conventional roles?

Which theory contends that individuals become stabilized in criminal roles when they are labeled as criminals, are stigmatized, develop criminal identities, are sent to prison, and are excluded from conventional roles?

Which of the following individual personality traits is associated with criminal behavior?

Which individual personality traits are related to criminal behavior?

Selective incapacitation involves identifying inmates who are of particular concern to public safety and providing them with much longer sentences.

What usually results in a differential response toward a group without providing any legally legitimate reasons for that response?

Monetary fines are perhaps the least serious of sanctions, followed by a very wide range of intermediate community-based sanctions.

Disparities were noted to be especially problematic in the northeastern part of the United States, and it has been found that disparities with punishments exist with both prison sentences and the application of the death penalty.

The social learning theory believes that inequality and power are the central issues underlying crime and its control.

Explain the difference between disparity and discrimination. Why are the terms frequently used in the field of corrections?

Classical criminologists appealed to the use of reason in applying punishments, and that is precisely what a continuum seeks to achieve.

What refers to inconsistencies in sentencing and/or sanctions that result from the decision-making process?

Though the majority of offenders under supervision are on community supervision, the ______ type of sentence still draws public interest due to its ominous nature.

According to operant conditioning, consequences that strengthen a given behavior are called ______.

Early History of Punishment and the Development of Prisons in the United States

Correctional Law and Legal Liabilities

Jail and Detention Facilities

Probation and Intermediate Sanctions

Facility Design and Classification in Jails and Prisons

Prison Subculture and Prison Gang Influence

Female Offenders in Correctional Systems

Specialized Inmate Populations and Juvenile Correctional Systems

Correctional Administration and Prison Programming

Parole and Reintegration

Program Evaluation, Evidence-Based Practices, and Future Trends in Corrections

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