Exam 1: Early History of Punishment and the Development of Prisons in the United States

During the American Revolution, British officials housed prisoners in broken-down or decommissioned vessels known as ______.

Who published an influential treatise in 1764 titled An Essay on Crimes and Punishment, which argued against the death penalty and for the certainty rather than the severity of punishment?

A trial by ordeal was a very dangerous and often impossible test to prove the guilt or innocence of the accused.

What are crimes against an individual that could include physical injury, damage to a person's property, or theft?

The "electric telephone" was a torture device invented in Arkansas and regularly used at the Tucker State Prison Farm.

In 1790, the first American jail opened called the ______ in Philadelphia, PA.

What is the Top Three in corrections? Why are they important?

Who created the concept of the "hedonistic calculus," which involves individuals maximizing pleasure and reducing pain?

In addition to advocating proportionality, classical criminology emphasized that punishments must be all of the following except ______

Who was an advocate of religious freedom and instrumental in spreading the concept of humane treatment of prisoners, specifically in Pennsylvania?

Why did Auburn designs tend to have much smaller cells than the Pennsylvania system?

Which of the following early forms of punishment had a purpose of humiliating the offender?

Which model can be described as a correctional treatment that utilizes a mental health approach incorporating psychology, biology, and criminology to treat the offender?

Which of the following is an example of a type of building that during ancient times, many nations designated where accused offenders could stay, free from attack, until such time that their innocence could be established (presuming that they were, in fact, innocent)?

In England, what was provided until some form of negotiation was arranged or until the accused was ultimately smuggled out of the area?

______ is defined as the process whereby practitioners from a variety of agencies and programs use tools, techniques, and facilities to engage in organized security and treatment functions intended to correct criminal tendencies among the offender population.

Which of the following was a form of punishment in early correctional history?

Texas is the largest state prison system followed by California and Florida.

Which service is the easiest to sympathize with due to assisting and aiding who were targeted by crime?

Unlike the______, who are tasked with apprehending offenders and preventing crime, correctional personnel often work to change (or at least keep contained) the offender population.