Exam 5: Metrics, Tools, and Reporting: The Role of Finance and Accounting

Reporting can be done from a horizontal or vertical point of view, the former focused on the performance of a single firm, the latter focused on the entire ______ of a product.

______ reporting, exemplified by the CEO Water Mandate, is a multi-stakeholder process involving industry and NGOs that culminates in a formal method for monitoring and disclosing adverse environmental impacts.

A manufacturing company decides to report its greenhouse gas footprint. The indirect emissions resulting from electricity consumption, generated by the electricity provider to fulfill the manufacturer's demand forecasts, are an example of ______ Emissions.

The SEC's Commission Guidance Regarding Disclosure Related to Climate Change advises managers to provide ______ disclosures about known trends associated with climate change that are reasonably likely to have a material impact on a company's operations.

The Greenhouse Gas ______, a partnership between the World Resources Institute and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, is an accounting tool used to understand, quantify, and manage greenhouse gas emissions.

The majority of companies that report sustainability performance in the S&P 500 use the ______ framework, which is the most widely used sustainability reporting framework in the world.

Improved public image, stakeholder relations, and employee morale are all potential benefits of ______.

Although this issue has traditionally been treated as discretionary, many financial reporting and accounting standards arguably require disclosure of a publicly traded business's reliance on ______.

The ISO ______ series provides tools to identify and report on the adverse impacts of business, including facility-specific water use; life-cycle impact analysis of products in development; and auditing protocols.

Water ______ tools measure water use, polluted water discharge, and water- related business risks across a variety of geographic contexts and industry sectors.

Disclosure of environmental and social impacts may be necessary to satisfy investors; to become eligible for sustainability certifications from third-party providers; and to attain listing on the ______ Sustainability Indices.

This metric, ______ per unit of production, tracks water use through the entire supply chain and production process for a given time period and divides that total volume of water by units of production.

______ analysis is used to quantify impacts on climate change, air quality, water resources, forests, fisheries, and soil quality, among other environmental mediums.

The International Organization for ______ has developed standards for organizational guidance in the area of environmental management.

One of the roles of accounting professionals in promoting transparency is to develop methodologies to quantify ______ that impact stakeholders.

The World Resources Institute and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development partnered to develop the ______, an accounting tool used to understand, quantify, and manage greenhouse gas emissions.

Product life-cycle assessment includes four steps: Define the scope and goal; identify the kinds of environmental impacts that might occur; conduct ______; and interpret the results for stakeholders.

Information is ______ if there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable investor would consider it important to an investment decision.

______ are standards of measurement designed to capture critical information about corporate performance in the form of objective data.

How does the SEC's MD&A analysis influence corporate disclosure obligations? Include an explanation of materiality.