Exam 5: Externalities, Environmental Policy, and Public Goods

-Refer to Figure 5-3. At the competitive market equilibrium,

Figure 5-1 shows a market with an externality. The current market equilibrium output of Q1 is not the economically efficient output. The economically efficient output is Q2. -Refer to Figure 5-1. Suppose the current market equilibrium output of Q1 is not the economically efficient output because of an externality. The economically efficient output is Q2. In that case, the diagram shows

Companies producing toilet paper bleach the paper to make it white. The bleach is discharged into rivers and lakes and causes substantial environmental damage. Figure 5-9 illustrates the situation in the toilet paper market. -Refer to Figure 5-9. Let's suppose the government imposes a tax of $50 per unit of toilet paper to bring about the efficient level of production. What happens to the market price of toilet paper?

In an effort to maintain privacy and enhance property values, three homeowners, Deidre, Eugene, and Farhad, are considering leasing a portion of adjoining vacant land for a private park. Table 5-1 shows each person's willingness to pay for each quantity of the land. a. Complete the column in Table 5-1. b. Graph the marginal social benefit curve. c. Suppose the landowner is willing to lease a portion of her land according to the following supply schedule given in Table 5-2. On the same diagram, graph the supply curve. d. What is the optimal quantity of land that homeowners should lease? Explain your answer. e. Explain why a park of 5 acres is not optimal.

Figure 5-13 illustrates the market for shared rides before the government imposes a congestion tax. -Refer to Figure 5-13. If the government wanted to achieve the efficient level of shared rides by imposing a congestion tax, the amount of the congestion tax would be ________ per ride.

Figure 5-13 illustrates the market for shared rides before the government imposes a congestion tax. -Refer to Figure 5-13. The market equilibrium quantity of shared rides is ________ thousand per day.

Figure 5-13 illustrates the market for shared rides before the government imposes a congestion tax. -Refer to Figure 5-13. If the government wanted to achieve the efficient level of shared rides by imposing a congestion tax, the tax would raise the price paid by consumers by ________ per ride.

According to Violeta Bulc, the Transport Commissioner of the European Union (EU), the EU should move to a "polluter pays" model by charging motorists for the damage they cause to the environment and for lives lost on the road. A European Commission study has found that external costs of all transport in the EU is estimated at 1,000 billion euros annually, with road transport responsible for more than three-quarters of the total. This figure covers the costs caused by crashes, air pollution, noise pollution, habitat damage, and traffic congestion. , with the cost of congestion alone at more than 250 billion euros. According to Bulc, "These costs are real even if they are not priced by the markets. And the question is: if the user and polluter are not paying, who does? Well, we all do, all of society, regardless of whether we want to or not. That means that, for the time being, we have a 'society and environment pays' principle in place rather than 'user pays' or 'polluter pays.'" Source: Carlton Reid, "Motorists Should Pay Full Costs Of Road Pollution, Deaths and Damage, Says EU Transport Commissioner," Forbes, January 24, 2019. -Refer to the Article Summary. If, as the Transport Commissioner has stated, "we have a 'society and environment pays' principle in place rather than a 'user pays' or 'polluter pays'", then the marginal social cost is ________ the marginal private cost for road transport.

Consider a chemical plant that discharges toxic fumes over a nearby community. To reduce the emissions of toxic fumes the firm can install pollution abatement devices. Figure 5-8 shows the marginal benefit and the marginal cost from reducing the toxic fumes emissions. -Refer to Figure 5-8. Suppose the emissions reduction target is currently established at 8 million tons. Should society undertake to reduce an additional 1 million tons so that the total reduction is 9 million tons?

A tragedy of the commons occurs when a resource is

Figure 5-13 illustrates the market for shared rides before the government imposes a congestion tax. -Refer to Figure 5-13. The efficient equilibrium price of shared rides is ________ per ride.

Figure 5-13 illustrates the market for shared rides before the government imposes a congestion tax. -Refer to Figure 5-13. The efficient equilibrium quantity of shared rides is ________ thousand per day.

-Refer to Figure 5-3. The market equilibrium output level is

Figure 5-13 illustrates the market for shared rides before the government imposes a congestion tax. -Refer to Figure 5-13. The market equilibrium price of shared rides is ________ per ride.

Figure 5-13 illustrates the market for shared rides before the government imposes a congestion tax. -Refer to Figure 5-13. If the government wanted to achieve the efficient level of shared rides by imposing a congestion tax, the actual price for shared rides paid by consumers after the tax is implemented is ________ per ride.

Companies producing toilet paper bleach the paper to make it white. The bleach is discharged into rivers and lakes and causes substantial environmental damage. Figure 5-9 illustrates the situation in the toilet paper market. -Refer to Figure 5-9. The efficient output is

Suppose there are several paper mills producing paper for a market. These mills, located upstream from a fishing village, discharge a large amount of wastewater into the river. The waste material affects the number of fish in the river and the use of the river for recreation and as a public water supply source. Figure 5-4 shows the paper market. Use this Figure to answer the following question(s). -Refer to Figure 5-4. What is the deadweight loss from producing at the market equilibrium?

Worldwide annual carbon dioxide emissions increased from about 198 million metric tons in 1850 to ________ million metric tons in 2017.

Companies producing toilet paper bleach the paper to make it white. The bleach is discharged into rivers and lakes and causes substantial environmental damage. Figure 5-9 illustrates the situation in the toilet paper market. -Refer to Figure 5-9. The market equilibrium output level is

While politicians and the general public often favor a "command-and-control" approach to the reduction of greenhouse gases, many economists favor market-based policies because they