Question 1

Which of the following products is nonexcludable?

Accepted Answer

A) National Security. 
B) Food. 
C) Clothing. 
D) Access to a store. 
E) The ability to attend a class. 
A) National Security. 
B) Food. 
C) Clothing. 
D) Access to a store. 
E) The ability to attend a class. A

Question 2

What is a public good?

Accepted Answer

A) A good that is nonexcludable but rival in consumption. 
B) A cost or benefit for stakeholders other than the actor undertaking an action. 
C) An effect created by the interaction between two states. 
D) A good that is nonexcludable and nonrival in consumption. 
E) An international agency that monitors compliance with regulations. 
A) A good that is nonexcludable but rival in consumption. 
B) A cost or benefit for stakeholders other than the actor undertaking an action. 
C) An effect created by the interaction between two states. 
D) A good that is nonexcludable and nonrival in consumption. 
E) An international agency that monitors compliance with regulations. D

Question 3

Given the relative lack of international environmental cooperation,together with the existence of hundreds of transnational environmental advocacy networks and the success of Al Gore's documentary,An Inconvenient Truth,one could best conclude that:

Accepted Answer

A) environmentalists prefer talk over action. 
B) educating the public is not enough to produce effective solutions. 
C) environmental cooperation is hindered by too much information. 
D) support for the environment is not as broad-based as believed. 
E) forging international agreements is best left to the diplomats. 
A) environmentalists prefer talk over action. 
B) educating the public is not enough to produce effective solutions. 
C) environmental cooperation is hindered by too much information. 
D) support for the environment is not as broad-based as believed. 
E) forging international agreements is best left to the diplomats. B

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of a joint product?

Accepted Answer

A) The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Seas by Oil created standards for reducing oil discharges in the ocean. 
B) The Danube River flows through many European countries. 
C) Fishing vessels from the United States and Canada can profit from the Grand Banks fishery. 
D) Bees from one farm can pollinate plants on another property. 
E) Dupont could earn profits from a ban on CFCs that would also reduce ozone depletion. 
A) The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Seas by Oil created standards for reducing oil discharges in the ocean. 
B) The Danube River flows through many European countries. 
C) Fishing vessels from the United States and Canada can profit from the Grand Banks fishery. 
D) Bees from one farm can pollinate plants on another property. 
E) Dupont could earn profits from a ban on CFCs that would also reduce ozone depletion.

Question 5

What role did environmental groups play in getting a ban on commercial whaling enacted?

Accepted Answer

A) They had only a small role,because states were going to support the ban for other reasons. 
B) They pushed the United Nations to hold an environmental conference on the issue. 
C) They created an international code of conduct for whalers that convinced them to stop hunting whales. 
D) They encouraged nonwhaling states to join the International Whaling Commission (IW
C) and to vote for the ban. 
E) They informed the public in developed countries about the abuses committed by whalers,and this led to a boycott by the United States of goods from whaling countries. 
A) They had only a small role,because states were going to support the ban for other reasons. 
B) They pushed the United Nations to hold an environmental conference on the issue. 
C) They created an international code of conduct for whalers that convinced them to stop hunting whales. 
D) They encouraged nonwhaling states to join the International Whaling Commission (IW
C) and to vote for the ban. 
E) They informed the public in developed countries about the abuses committed by whalers,and this led to a boycott by the United States of goods from whaling countries.

Question 6

Which of the following statements best describes the United States' approach to global warming?

Accepted Answer

A) The United States was an early leader in the campaign to reduce global warming. 
B) The United States has signed on to major international treaties designed to reduce carbon emissions. 
C) The United States has boycotted goods produced in countries that have signed international agreements that it opposes. 
D) The United States has shared new environmental technology with developing countries in hopes that these countries will reduce their carbon emissions. 
E) The United States has been unwilling to take a significant role in reducing carbon emissions. 
A) The United States was an early leader in the campaign to reduce global warming. 
B) The United States has signed on to major international treaties designed to reduce carbon emissions. 
C) The United States has boycotted goods produced in countries that have signed international agreements that it opposes. 
D) The United States has shared new environmental technology with developing countries in hopes that these countries will reduce their carbon emissions. 
E) The United States has been unwilling to take a significant role in reducing carbon emissions.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a reason that those who would be negatively affected by tighter environmental restrictions so often defeat these policies?

Accepted Answer

A) The costs of the regulations are direct and immediate for those who would be negatively affected. 
B) Consumers would rather not pay more for products made more expensive by environmental regulations. 
C) The groups who would be hurt by tighter environmental restrictions usually are small relative to the number that would benefit from the regulations and have a stronger incentive to defeat these policies. 
D) The majority of citizens sympathize with the affected industries and pressure governments to avoid environmental regulations. 
E) Existing industries have more supporters that they can mobilize compared to industries that are developing more environmentally friendly technologies. 
A) The costs of the regulations are direct and immediate for those who would be negatively affected. 
B) Consumers would rather not pay more for products made more expensive by environmental regulations. 
C) The groups who would be hurt by tighter environmental restrictions usually are small relative to the number that would benefit from the regulations and have a stronger incentive to defeat these policies. 
D) The majority of citizens sympathize with the affected industries and pressure governments to avoid environmental regulations. 
E) Existing industries have more supporters that they can mobilize compared to industries that are developing more environmentally friendly technologies.

Question 8

Why were the European Emissions Trading Scheme credits given to existing companies,rather than auctioned off?

Accepted Answer

A) It was more efficient to give away the credits than to stage an auction. 
B) The Europeans found out that firms could not afford to purchase the credits and pay for the technology to reduce emissions. 
C) Consumers successfully lobbied to have the credits given out for free so that firms would not have to raise the prices of their products. 
D) Firms successfully lobbied to have the credits given out for free so that they would not have to pay for them. 
E) Lawyers raised legal and ethical questions about forcing firms to pay for the right to pollute. 
A) It was more efficient to give away the credits than to stage an auction. 
B) The Europeans found out that firms could not afford to purchase the credits and pay for the technology to reduce emissions. 
C) Consumers successfully lobbied to have the credits given out for free so that firms would not have to raise the prices of their products. 
D) Firms successfully lobbied to have the credits given out for free so that they would not have to pay for them. 
E) Lawyers raised legal and ethical questions about forcing firms to pay for the right to pollute.

Question 9

How are polluting industries similar to protectionist industries?

Accepted Answer

A) Both are able to foresee problems far in the future and to act strategically in advance to prevent the government from considering detrimental policies. 
B) Both usually support their government's involvement in international agreements. 
C) Both are small in number and can get concentrated benefits from government policies,while the costs of those policies are spread across many individuals. 
D) Both are large groups that can use their numbers to get favorable government policies passed. 
E) Both are large groups that are motivated,because the costs of unfavorable policies will be spread across a large number of members. 
A) Both are able to foresee problems far in the future and to act strategically in advance to prevent the government from considering detrimental policies. 
B) Both usually support their government's involvement in international agreements. 
C) Both are small in number and can get concentrated benefits from government policies,while the costs of those policies are spread across many individuals. 
D) Both are large groups that can use their numbers to get favorable government policies passed. 
E) Both are large groups that are motivated,because the costs of unfavorable policies will be spread across a large number of members.

Question 10

When is cooperation on international environmental problems most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

The answer of When is cooperation on international environmental problems...

Question 11

How can privatizing public goods encourage better protection of the environment? Consider the Emissions Trading Scheme as an example.

Accepted Answer

Privatizing public goods can encourage b

Question 12

The Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol are related to which issue?

Accepted Answer

A) Whaling. 
B) Ozone depletion. 
C) Climate change. 
D) Oil dumping in open waters. 
E) Overfishing. 
A) Whaling. 
B) Ozone depletion. 
C) Climate change. 
D) Oil dumping in open waters. 
E) Overfishing.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a good whose consumption is rival?

Accepted Answer

A) Public highways. 
B) Clean air. 
C) National defense. 
D) Internet access. 
E) Fishing in a lake. 
A) Public highways. 
B) Clean air. 
C) National defense. 
D) Internet access. 
E) Fishing in a lake.

Question 14

Why was the adoption of expensive new technologies more effective in limiting oil discharges by tankers as opposed to the cheaper alternatives that failed to change the behavior of tanker operators?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why was the adoption of expensive new...

Question 15

All of the following are examples of an externality EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A) bees kept to make honey pollinate plants belonging to a nearby farmer. 
B) smoke from a factory imposes cleanup costs on nearby residents. 
C) a group purchases a farm on which to grow its own food. 
D) a company dumps toxic waste into a river,forcing people downstream to drink polluted water. 
E) a school club cleans up a public beach,creating a litter-free and safer swim area for all beachgoers. 
A) bees kept to make honey pollinate plants belonging to a nearby farmer. 
B) smoke from a factory imposes cleanup costs on nearby residents. 
C) a group purchases a farm on which to grow its own food. 
D) a company dumps toxic waste into a river,forcing people downstream to drink polluted water. 
E) a school club cleans up a public beach,creating a litter-free and safer swim area for all beachgoers.

Question 16

How are future generations represented in the political bargaining over environmental policies?

Accepted Answer

A) Politicians thinking about their long-term careers consider how future voters will react to their policies. 
B) Parents vote for politicians who will promote the best policies for their children. 
C) Diplomats who represent their governments at international conferences are also parents and grandparents who are concerned about their descendants' future. 
D) Bureaucratic agencies create contingency plans that include different scenarios about the effects of environmental policies,including future generations. 
E) There is no real mechanism for representing the interests of future generations in today's bargaining. 
A) Politicians thinking about their long-term careers consider how future voters will react to their policies. 
B) Parents vote for politicians who will promote the best policies for their children. 
C) Diplomats who represent their governments at international conferences are also parents and grandparents who are concerned about their descendants' future. 
D) Bureaucratic agencies create contingency plans that include different scenarios about the effects of environmental policies,including future generations. 
E) There is no real mechanism for representing the interests of future generations in today's bargaining.

Question 17

Why did the United States refuse to ratify the Kyoto Protocol?

Accepted Answer

A) The United States did not think the agreement went far enough in reducing greenhouse gases. 
B) The United States would have to reduce its carbon emissions while developing countries would not. 
C) The United States was boycotting the host country,Japan,because of its whaling practices. 
D) The United States preferred an alternative agreement proposed by several European countries. 
E) Most other countries also refused to ratify the protocol. 
A) The United States did not think the agreement went far enough in reducing greenhouse gases. 
B) The United States would have to reduce its carbon emissions while developing countries would not. 
C) The United States was boycotting the host country,Japan,because of its whaling practices. 
D) The United States preferred an alternative agreement proposed by several European countries. 
E) Most other countries also refused to ratify the protocol.

Question 18

Why is preservation of the environment sometimes like a Prisoner's Dilemma?

Accepted Answer

A) The world's population is "imprisoned" and cannot escape the effects of environmental degradation and global warming. 
B) Transnational advocacy networks can free the world's population from the effects of environmental degradation and global warming. 
C) Individuals have no interest in cooperating and would rather "defect" by continuing to pollute,if it suits their needs. 
D) Individuals have a shared interest in cooperating but would rather "defect" since their own efforts would have little effect on overall pollution levels. 
E) Individuals will always "defect" when asked to cooperate on issues like ozone depletion and global warming. 
A) The world's population is "imprisoned" and cannot escape the effects of environmental degradation and global warming. 
B) Transnational advocacy networks can free the world's population from the effects of environmental degradation and global warming. 
C) Individuals have no interest in cooperating and would rather "defect" by continuing to pollute,if it suits their needs. 
D) Individuals have a shared interest in cooperating but would rather "defect" since their own efforts would have little effect on overall pollution levels. 
E) Individuals will always "defect" when asked to cooperate on issues like ozone depletion and global warming.

Question 19

Why was a ban on commercial whaling enacted?

Accepted Answer

A) Public protest caused countries to voluntarily ban the hunting of whales. 
B) The whale population was declining rapidly,and states were unable to sufficiently reduce their catches. 
C) There was no longer a demand for products made from whales. 
D) At an environmental conference,the United States brokered an agreement that banned whaling. 
E) The U.S.Congress decided to impose import limitations on countries that did not support a ban on commercial whaling. 
A) Public protest caused countries to voluntarily ban the hunting of whales. 
B) The whale population was declining rapidly,and states were unable to sufficiently reduce their catches. 
C) There was no longer a demand for products made from whales. 
D) At an environmental conference,the United States brokered an agreement that banned whaling. 
E) The U.S.Congress decided to impose import limitations on countries that did not support a ban on commercial whaling.

Question 20

Why has cooperation in restoring the ozone been more successful than efforts to address climate change?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why has cooperation in restoring the ozone...

Which of the following products is nonexcludable?

What is a public good?

Given the relative lack of international environmental cooperation,together with the existence of hundreds of transnational environmental advocacy networks and the success of Al Gore's documentary,An Inconvenient Truth,one could best conclude that:

Which of the following is an example of a joint product?

What role did environmental groups play in getting a ban on commercial whaling enacted?

Which of the following statements best describes the United States' approach to global warming?

Which of the following is NOT a reason that those who would be negatively affected by tighter environmental restrictions so often defeat these policies?

Why were the European Emissions Trading Scheme credits given to existing companies,rather than auctioned off?

How are polluting industries similar to protectionist industries?

When is cooperation on international environmental problems most likely to occur?

How can privatizing public goods encourage better protection of the environment? Consider the Emissions Trading Scheme as an example.

The Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol are related to which issue?

Which of the following is an example of a good whose consumption is rival?

Why was the adoption of expensive new technologies more effective in limiting oil discharges by tankers as opposed to the cheaper alternatives that failed to change the behavior of tanker operators?

All of the following are examples of an externality EXCEPT:

How are future generations represented in the political bargaining over environmental policies?

Why did the United States refuse to ratify the Kyoto Protocol?

Why is preservation of the environment sometimes like a Prisoner's Dilemma?

Why was a ban on commercial whaling enacted?

Why has cooperation in restoring the ozone been more successful than efforts to address climate change?

Introduction

What Shaped Our World

Understanding Interests, interactions, and Institutions

Why Are There Wars

Domestic Politics and War

International Institutions and War

Violence by Nonstate Actors: Civil War and Terrorism

International Trade

International Financial Relations

International Monetary Relations

Development: Causes of the Wealth and Poverty of Nations

International Law and Norms

Human Rights

The Future of International Politics

Foundations, war, and Peace

International Political Economy, transnational Politics, and Looking Ahead

Filters

Exam 14: The Global Environment

Which of the following products is nonexcludable?

What is a public good?

Given the relative lack of international environmental cooperation,together with the existence of hundreds of transnational environmental advocacy networks and the success of Al Gore's documentary,An Inconvenient Truth,one could best conclude that:

Which of the following is an example of a joint product?

What role did environmental groups play in getting a ban on commercial whaling enacted?

Which of the following statements best describes the United States' approach to global warming?

Which of the following is NOT a reason that those who would be negatively affected by tighter environmental restrictions so often defeat these policies?

Why were the European Emissions Trading Scheme credits given to existing companies,rather than auctioned off?

How are polluting industries similar to protectionist industries?

When is cooperation on international environmental problems most likely to occur?

How can privatizing public goods encourage better protection of the environment? Consider the Emissions Trading Scheme as an example.

The Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol are related to which issue?

Which of the following is an example of a good whose consumption is rival?

Why was the adoption of expensive new technologies more effective in limiting oil discharges by tankers as opposed to the cheaper alternatives that failed to change the behavior of tanker operators?

All of the following are examples of an externality EXCEPT:

How are future generations represented in the political bargaining over environmental policies?

Why did the United States refuse to ratify the Kyoto Protocol?

Why is preservation of the environment sometimes like a Prisoner's Dilemma?

Why was a ban on commercial whaling enacted?

Why has cooperation in restoring the ozone been more successful than efforts to address climate change?

Introduction

What Shaped Our World

Understanding Interests, interactions, and Institutions

Why Are There Wars

Domestic Politics and War

International Institutions and War

Violence by Nonstate Actors: Civil War and Terrorism

International Trade

International Financial Relations

International Monetary Relations

Development: Causes of the Wealth and Poverty of Nations

International Law and Norms

Human Rights

The Future of International Politics

Foundations, war, and Peace

International Political Economy, transnational Politics, and Looking Ahead

Filters