Exam 9: The Meaning of Crime: Social Process Perspective

Differential association theory was developed by ________.

Integrated views of human development that examine multiple maturation levels simultaneously, including psychological, biological, familial, interpersonal, cultural, social, and ecological aspects of development, are referred to as _______________.

Walter C. Reckless, Travis Hirschi, and Michael R. Gottfredson are all theorists associated with the concepts of inner and outer containment as well as social bonds.

The neutralization technique known as denying the victim states that the victim deserved the victimization, such as stating "I only beat up drunks."

According to Edwin Lemert, ________ becomes especially important because of the forceful role it plays in causing tagged individuals to internalize the negative labels which have been applied to them. Through such a process, labelled individuals assume the role of the deviant.

According to Travis Hirschi, the fourth component of the social bond, or _________________, an individual will commit criminal activities because, although they know the rules exist, they basically do not care and invest little of their sense of self in moral standards.

The specific direction of motives and drives, according to Sutherland's nine principles of differential association, is ___________ from definitions of the legal codes as favourable or unfavourable.

According to Frank Tannenbaum, crime is the result of opposing definitions of the situation, between the delinquent and the community at large.

________ contended that crime, like all human behaviour, is learned.

Limited opportunities for acceptable behaviour, which follow from the negative responses of society to those defined as offenders, is offered as an explanation for continued crime by the labelling perspective.

Reintegrative shaming is a form of shaming, imposed as a sanction by the criminal justice system, that is thought to strengthen the moral bond between the offender and the community.

Labelling theorists would agree that labelling someone as a criminal is more detrimental to someone who has been falsely accused of a crime than someone who actually committed an offence.

According to Edwin Sutherland, offenders are born with the attitudes required to justify criminal behaviour; however, they must learn the necessary techniques to commit crimes.

According to Travis Hirschi, the third component of the social bond, or _________________, means "engrossment in conventional activities" and is similar to reckless's concept of meaningful roles.

Stigmatic shaming is used "to condemn the crime, not the criminal."

According to Edwin Lemert, offenders commit acts of primary and secondary deviance.

According to Edwin Sutherland, criminal behaviour is learned through a process of differential association with others who communicate criminal values and who advocate the commission of crimes.

According to ________, crime is the consequence of social pressures to involve oneself in violations of the law, as well as of failure to resist such pressures.

A ________ is a group of individuals sharing certain significant social characteristics, such as gender and time and place of birth.

Which one of the following is NOT descriptive of the labelling theory?