Exam 8: Cryptography

Popular cryptosystems use a hybrid combination of symmetric and asymmetric algorithms.

AES implements a block cipher called the Rijndael ​Block Cipher. _________________________

SHA-1 produces a(n) ___________-bit message digest, which can then be used as an input to a digital signature algorithm.

The ____________________ operation is a function of Boolean algebra in which two bits are compared, and if the two bits are identical, the result is a binary 0.

When an asymmetric cryptographic process uses the sender's private key to encrypt a message, the sender's public key must be used to decrypt the message.

As DES became known as being too weak for highly classified communications, Double DES was created to provide a level of security far beyond that of DES. _________________________

_________ is a hybrid cryptosystem that combines some of the best available cryptographic algorithms and has become the open-source de facto standard for encryption and authentication of e-mail and file storage applications.

A __________ is a key-dependent, one-way hash function that allows only specific recipients (symmetric key holders) to access the message digest.

__________ is the process of converting an original message into a form that is unreadable to unauthorized individuals.

To ____________________ means to encrypt, encode, or convert plaintext into the equivalent ciphertext.

The encapsulating security ____________________ protocol provides secrecy for the contents of network communications as well as system-to-system authentication and data integrity verification.

Internet Protocol Security is designed to protect data integrity, user confidentiality, and authenticity at the IP packet level. _________________________

A(n) key is the set of steps used to convert an unencrypted message into an encrypted sequence of bits that represent the message; it sometimes refers to the programs that enable the cryptographic processes. _________________________

A __________ is the information used in conjunction with an algorithm to create the ciphertext from the plaintext or derive the plaintext from the ciphertext.

You cannot combine the XOR operation with a block cipher operation.

3DES was created to offer the same strength as the DES algorithm but ran three times as fast, thus saving time.

Secure Electronic Transactions was developed by MasterCard and Visa in 1997 to protect against electronic payment fraud.

__________ is the current federal information processing standard that specifies a cryptographic algorithm used within the U.S. government to protect information in federal agencies that are not a part of the national defense infrastructure.

__________ was developed by Phil Zimmermann and uses the IDEA cipher for message encoding.

The most common hybrid system is based on the Diffie-Hellman key exchange, which is a method for exchanging private keys using public-key encryption.