Exam 13: Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and Symbolism,1870 to 1900

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Rodin,The Gates of Hell (Figure 13-18).The dreamlike,writhing masses of figures create a nightmarish scene reminiscent of the Symbolists interest in dreams and human passions.

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Both Degas and Renoir were prominent figures in the Impressionist movement, and while they shared some similarities in their approach to painting, they also had distinct differences in their formal, iconographic, and technical characteristics.

Formally, both Degas and Renoir were known for their use of vibrant colors and loose brushwork, but their compositions and subject matter differed. Degas was known for his focus on capturing movement and everyday life, often depicting dancers, horse races, and women in intimate settings. His compositions were often asymmetrical and dynamic, with a strong sense of movement and energy. In contrast, Renoir's paintings often featured more traditional, balanced compositions, and he frequently painted scenes of leisure and social gatherings, with a focus on capturing the beauty of his subjects.

Iconographically, Degas and Renoir also had distinct differences in their choice of subject matter and themes. Degas was known for his interest in the human form and the world of ballet, often depicting dancers in various stages of rehearsal and performance. His paintings often conveyed a sense of intimacy and behind-the-scenes glimpses into the lives of his subjects. On the other hand, Renoir's paintings often celebrated the joy of everyday life, with a focus on leisure activities, such as picnics, boating, and social gatherings. His works often conveyed a sense of warmth and conviviality.

Technically, both artists were skilled in capturing light and atmosphere in their paintings, but they had different approaches to their use of brushwork and application of paint. Degas was known for his meticulous attention to detail and his use of bold, gestural brushstrokes to convey movement and energy. He often used pastels and mixed media to create a sense of texture and depth in his works. In contrast, Renoir's paintings were characterized by his use of soft, feathery brushstrokes and his ability to capture the play of light and shadow in his scenes. He often used a more traditional oil painting technique, creating a sense of luminosity and warmth in his works.

Specific examples of these differences can be seen in Degas' "The Dance Class" and Renoir's "Luncheon of the Boating Party." In "The Dance Class," Degas captures the dynamic energy of the dancers in a rehearsal studio, with asymmetrical composition and bold, gestural brushwork. In "Luncheon of the Boating Party," Renoir depicts a leisurely gathering of friends at a riverside café, with a balanced composition and soft, feathery brushstrokes that convey a sense of warmth and conviviality.

In conclusion, while Degas and Renoir shared some similarities in their use of color and brushwork, their formal, iconographic, and technical characteristics differed significantly. Degas focused on capturing movement and intimacy in his depictions of dancers and everyday life, while Renoir celebrated the joy of leisure and social gatherings in his works. Their distinct approaches to painting contributed to their unique contributions to the Impressionist movement.

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Whistler,Nocturne in Black and Gold (The Falling Rocket)(Figure 13-16).The arrangement of shapes and colors will be more fully explored in the coming twentieth century.