Question 1

When two matched groups are drawn from different populations, regression toward the original population means will be expected to create

Accepted Answer

A)  reliable relationships. 
B)  valid relationships. 
C)  statistically significant relationships. 
D)  spurious relationships. 
A)  reliable relationships. 
B)  valid relationships. 
C)  statistically significant relationships. 
D)  spurious relationships. D

Question 2

Exhibit 12-4: An investigator found that the proportion of graduates of private high schools who are admitted to prestigious colleges is much higher than the proportion of public high school graduates whom these colleges admit.The investigator might conclude that private high schools do a better job-preparing students for college.Or, and investigator could propose many other hypotheses.Choose the correct hypothesis.
-Refer to Exhibit 12-4.Which of the following is a hypothesis of common cause?

Accepted Answer

A)  the same things that motivate parents and students to select private schools instead of public schools motivate them to do what is necessary to get into prestigious colleges. 
B)  admissions officers in prestigious colleges are biased in favor of private school graduates. 
C)  the milieu of private schools is more similar to college than the milieu of public schools. 
A)  the same things that motivate parents and students to select private schools instead of public schools motivate them to do what is necessary to get into prestigious colleges. 
B)  admissions officers in prestigious colleges are biased in favor of private school graduates. 
C)  the milieu of private schools is more similar to college than the milieu of public schools. A

Question 3

How can partial correlation analysis of covariance provide partial control in an ex post facto study?

Accepted Answer

Partial correlation analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) is a statistical technique that can be used to provide partial control over confounding variables in an ex post facto study, which is a research design where the researcher cannot directly manipulate the independent variable but can only observe the variables as they naturally occur.

In an ex post facto study, researchers are often interested in understanding the relationship between an independent variable (IV) and a dependent variable (DV), while accounting for the potential influence of one or more extraneous variables, also known as covariates. These covariates may be related to both the IV and the DV and can potentially confound the observed relationship.

Partial correlation analysis of covariance helps to statistically control for the influence of these covariates. Here's how it provides partial control:

1. **Statistical Control**: By including covariates in the analysis, ANCOVA statistically adjusts the DV for each participant as if all participants had the same value on the covariates. This process is known as "holding constant" the covariates, and it allows the researcher to isolate the unique contribution of the IV on the DV.

2. **Reducing Error Variance**: By accounting for covariates that contribute to the variability in the DV, ANCOVA can reduce error variance. This increases the statistical power of the study, making it easier to detect a true effect of the IV on the DV if one exists.

3. **Estimating Adjusted Means**: ANCOVA provides adjusted means for each level of the IV, which represent the average value of the DV if all groups were equal on the covariate(s). This allows for a clearer comparison of the IV's effect on the DV, free from the influence of the covariates.

4. **Testing for Homogeneity of Regression Slopes**: Before conducting ANCOVA, it's important to test whether the relationship between the covariates and the DV is the same across all levels of the IV (homogeneity of regression slopes). If this assumption is met, it suggests that the covariate's effect is consistent, and the adjustment will be appropriate.

5. **Interpreting Adjusted Relationships**: After controlling for covariates, the partial correlation or the partial effect size indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between the IV and the DV, independent of the covariates. This provides a more accurate estimate of the relationship that is of interest to the researcher.

It's important to note that while ANCOVA can provide partial control for observed covariates, it cannot account for unmeasured or unknown confounders. Therefore, even with the use of ANCOVA, causal inferences in ex post facto studies should be made with caution. Additionally, the proper application of ANCOVA requires that certain assumptions be met, such as linearity, homoscedasticity, and the absence of multicollinearity among covariates.

In summary, partial correlation analysis of covariance offers a valuable tool for researchers conducting ex post facto studies to statistically control for the influence of covariates, thereby providing a clearer understanding of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Question 4

Exhibit 12-5: A researcher obtains chemistry achievement test scores from a group of high school students who have had laboratory experience and a group who have not.She recognizes the need to control for the variable intelligence in his study.Identify the type of control technique illustrated by the following procedures.
-Refer to Exhibit 12-5.The researcher enters the IQ scores into her analysis to determine both main and interaction effects of IQ and lab experiences.

Accepted Answer

A)  match 
B)  use analysis of covariance 
C)  use a homogeneous group 
D)  add intelligence as an additional independent variable 
A)  match 
B)  use analysis of covariance 
C)  use a homogeneous group 
D)  add intelligence as an additional independent variable

Question 5

How does the use of homogeneous groups influence external validity?

Accepted Answer

The use of homogeneous groups in researc

Question 6

The most important reason for choosing an ex post facto design rather than an experimental design is when

Accepted Answer

A)  random sampling is not possible. 
B)  random assignment must be used. 
C)  manipulation of the independent variable is not possible. 
D)  intact classroom groups must be used. 
E)  young children are the subjects in the research. 
A)  random sampling is not possible. 
B)  random assignment must be used. 
C)  manipulation of the independent variable is not possible. 
D)  intact classroom groups must be used. 
E)  young children are the subjects in the research.

Question 7

Explain why the Surgeon General's report on the relationship between smoking and lung cancer is classified as ex post facto?

Accepted Answer

The Surgeon General's report on the rela

Question 8

Which of the following statements best describes the use of the two strategies mentioned above?

Accepted Answer

A)  a is often useful, b is likely to lead to spurious conclusions. 
B)  b is often useful, a is likely to lead to spurious conclusions. 
C)  Both are recommended procedures. 
D)  Neither is a recommended procedure. 
A)  a is often useful, b is likely to lead to spurious conclusions. 
B)  b is often useful, a is likely to lead to spurious conclusions. 
C)  Both are recommended procedures. 
D)  Neither is a recommended procedure.

Question 9

The experimental approach to research starts with groups that are ____ on significant variables, while the ex post facto approach starts with groups that are ____ on significant variables.

Accepted Answer

A)  different; equivalent 
B)  equivalent; different 
A)  different; equivalent 
B)  equivalent; different

Question 10

Causal-comparative or ex post facto research is widely used because

Accepted Answer

A)  such studies have greater internal validity than do quasi-experimental studies. 
B)  the law of the single significant independent variable can be more readily applied in ex post facto research than in experimental research. 
C)  it is not possible to experimentally manipulate many variables of interest . 
D)  Campbell and Stanley are exuberant in their praise of ex post facto research. 
A)  such studies have greater internal validity than do quasi-experimental studies. 
B)  the law of the single significant independent variable can be more readily applied in ex post facto research than in experimental research. 
C)  it is not possible to experimentally manipulate many variables of interest . 
D)  Campbell and Stanley are exuberant in their praise of ex post facto research.

Question 11

A major difference between experimental research and ex post facto research is that

Accepted Answer

A)  in experimental research there are two or more groups of subjects to be compared, while in ex post facto research one group of subjects is being studied. 
B)  a test of significance is applied to the data collected in an experiment, while descriptive-type statistics are used to analyze data collected in an ex post facto research. 
C)  in experimental research the researcher is always testing a hypothesis, while in ex post facto research hypothesis testing is not involved. 
D)  in experimental research manipulation of variables is possible, while in ex post facto it is not possible to manipulate the variables. 
A)  in experimental research there are two or more groups of subjects to be compared, while in ex post facto research one group of subjects is being studied. 
B)  a test of significance is applied to the data collected in an experiment, while descriptive-type statistics are used to analyze data collected in an ex post facto research. 
C)  in experimental research the researcher is always testing a hypothesis, while in ex post facto research hypothesis testing is not involved. 
D)  in experimental research manipulation of variables is possible, while in ex post facto it is not possible to manipulate the variables.

Question 12

Why is matching students from two different populations a bad strategy?

Accepted Answer

Matching students from two different pop

Question 13

Explain and give an example of how the use of homogeneous groups can influence internal validity?

Accepted Answer

Homogeneous groups refer to groups that

Question 14

One can rule out the possibility of reverse causality if one can establish that

Accepted Answer

A)  X always precedes Y in time. 
B)  Y, always precedes X in time. 
C)  X may occur either before Y or after Y. 
D)  It is impossible to say what the time relationship between X and Y is. 
A)  X always precedes Y in time. 
B)  Y, always precedes X in time. 
C)  X may occur either before Y or after Y. 
D)  It is impossible to say what the time relationship between X and Y is.

Question 15

Exhibit 12-3: In a study of the membership of the most influential business persons' organization in River City, it was found that the proportion of those who are also members of the Buffalo Honorary Club (BHC) is much higher than the portion of BHC members in the general city population.One might conclude that participation in BHC activities is a positive influence in leading people to become successful businesspersons or a number of alternative hypotheses could be suggested.Choose the correct hypothesis for each question.
-Refer to Exhibit 12-3.Which is a hypothesis of common cause?

Accepted Answer

A)  The BHC stresses the qualities of being a good businessperson. 
B)  The BHC tends to invite only successful businesspersons to join. 
C)  People who are attracted to BHC are also likely to be attracted to a business career. 
D)  The businesspersons' organization's membership committee is biased in favor of BHC members. 
E)  The BHC credo is more oriented to business virtue than is the credo of other similar organizations. 
A)  The BHC stresses the qualities of being a good businessperson. 
B)  The BHC tends to invite only successful businesspersons to join. 
C)  People who are attracted to BHC are also likely to be attracted to a business career. 
D)  The businesspersons' organization's membership committee is biased in favor of BHC members. 
E)  The BHC credo is more oriented to business virtue than is the credo of other similar organizations.

Question 16

Exhibit 12-1: Indicate whether the following hypotheses are necessarily ex post facto research or possible to perform with experimental research.
-Refer to Exhibit 12-1.Hyperactive children report enjoying sugar treats more than non-hyperactive children.

Accepted Answer

A)  necessarily ex post facto research 
B)  possible to do with experimental research 
A)  necessarily ex post facto research 
B)  possible to do with experimental research

Question 17

High school graduates have a higher average income than those who did not graduate from high school.In this situation we can rule out:

Accepted Answer

A)  common cause. 
B)  reverse causality. 
C)  Both of these answers. 
D)  Neither of these answers 
A)  common cause. 
B)  reverse causality. 
C)  Both of these answers. 
D)  Neither of these answers

Question 18

Which of the following is not an attribute variable?

Accepted Answer

A)  Neighborhood where the subject lives 
B)  The honors courses the subject has taken 
C)  The method used to teach mathematics 
D)  The subject's attitudes toward mathematics 
A)  Neighborhood where the subject lives 
B)  The honors courses the subject has taken 
C)  The method used to teach mathematics 
D)  The subject's attitudes toward mathematics

Question 19

Exhibit 12-6: In an ex post facto study, a researcher investigated the effect of academic self-concept on school achievement.He concluded that a more positive self-concept leads to higher achievement in school.Label the following plausible alternative hypotheses as common cause, reverse causality, or other independent variables may be operating.
-Refer to Exhibit 12-6.Higher school achievement leads to a more positive academic self-concept.

Accepted Answer

A)  common cause 
B)  reverse causality 
C)  other independent variables may be operating 
A)  common cause 
B)  reverse causality 
C)  other independent variables may be operating

Question 20

Because of the limitations of ex post facto research, it should

Accepted Answer

A)  rarely be used in educational research. 
B)  be interpreted with caution. 
C)  be used carefully by those interested in important variables which cannot be manipulated. 
D)  be replaced by analysis of variance techniques. 
E) b and c. 
A)  rarely be used in educational research. 
B)  be interpreted with caution. 
C)  be used carefully by those interested in important variables which cannot be manipulated. 
D)  be replaced by analysis of variance techniques. 
E) b and c.

When two matched groups are drawn from different populations, regression toward the original population means will be expected to create

How can partial correlation analysis of covariance provide partial control in an ex post facto study?

How does the use of homogeneous groups influence external validity?

The most important reason for choosing an ex post facto design rather than an experimental design is when

Explain why the Surgeon General's report on the relationship between smoking and lung cancer is classified as ex post facto?

Which of the following statements best describes the use of the two strategies mentioned above?

The experimental approach to research starts with groups that are on significant variables, while the ex post facto approach starts with groups that are on significant variables.

Causal-comparative or ex post facto research is widely used because

A major difference between experimental research and ex post facto research is that

Why is matching students from two different populations a bad strategy?

Explain and give an example of how the use of homogeneous groups can influence internal validity?

One can rule out the possibility of reverse causality if one can establish that

Exhibit 12-1: Indicate whether the following hypotheses are necessarily ex post facto research or possible to perform with experimental research. -Refer to Exhibit 12-1.Hyperactive children report enjoying sugar treats more than non-hyperactive children.

High school graduates have a higher average income than those who did not graduate from high school.In this situation we can rule out:

Which of the following is not an attribute variable?

Because of the limitations of ex post facto research, it should

The Nature of Scientific Inquiry

The Scientific Approach in Education

he Research Problem

Reviewing the Literature

The Hypothesis

Descriptive Statistics

Sampling and Inferential Statistics

Tools of Research

Validity and Reliability

Experimental Research

Experimental Research Design

Correlation Research

Survey Research

Defining and Designing Qualitative Research

Types of Qualitative Research

Analyzing and Reporting Qualitative Research

Action Research

Mixed Methods Research

Guidelines for Writing Research Proposals

Interpreting and Reporting Results of Quantitative Research

Filters

Exam 12: Ex Post Facto Research

When two matched groups are drawn from different populations, regression toward the original population means will be expected to create

How can partial correlation analysis of covariance provide partial control in an ex post facto study?

How does the use of homogeneous groups influence external validity?

The most important reason for choosing an ex post facto design rather than an experimental design is when

Explain why the Surgeon General's report on the relationship between smoking and lung cancer is classified as ex post facto?

Which of the following statements best describes the use of the two strategies mentioned above?

The experimental approach to research starts with groups that are ____ on significant variables, while the ex post facto approach starts with groups that are ____ on significant variables.

Causal-comparative or ex post facto research is widely used because

A major difference between experimental research and ex post facto research is that

Why is matching students from two different populations a bad strategy?

Explain and give an example of how the use of homogeneous groups can influence internal validity?

One can rule out the possibility of reverse causality if one can establish that

Exhibit 12-1: Indicate whether the following hypotheses are necessarily ex post facto research or possible to perform with experimental research. -Refer to Exhibit 12-1.Hyperactive children report enjoying sugar treats more than non-hyperactive children.

High school graduates have a higher average income than those who did not graduate from high school.In this situation we can rule out:

Which of the following is not an attribute variable?

Because of the limitations of ex post facto research, it should

The Nature of Scientific Inquiry

The Scientific Approach in Education

he Research Problem

Reviewing the Literature

The Hypothesis

Descriptive Statistics

Sampling and Inferential Statistics

Tools of Research

Validity and Reliability

Experimental Research

Experimental Research Design

Correlation Research

Survey Research

Defining and Designing Qualitative Research

Types of Qualitative Research

Analyzing and Reporting Qualitative Research

Action Research

Mixed Methods Research

Guidelines for Writing Research Proposals

Interpreting and Reporting Results of Quantitative Research

Filters

The experimental approach to research starts with groups that are on significant variables, while the ex post facto approach starts with groups that are on significant variables.