Exam 4: Learning and Memory

'It's time for the Christmas shopping list,' thought Martha's mother, so she asked Martha for a quick list of her favourite perfumes.Martha gave her mother six names that were all her 'favourite.' This group constitutes Martha's ________ for perfume.

________ memories relate to events that are personally relevant; therefore, a person's motivation to retain these memories will likely be strong.

Within a knowledge structure, which of the following is the LEAST complex knowledge unit?

In the 1960s, Jerome Bruner suggested the term ________, which stated that people learn based on progressing through three stages.

Behavioural learning theorists do not focus on internal thought processes; rather, they look to external evidence to study learning.What aspects of the environment are of most concern to behaviourists in studying learning?

In instrumental conditioning, what is the distinction between negative reinforcement and punishment?

John Deere established a reputation for building dependable farm tractors.When the company began to build small yard tractors, it insisted on using the same logo on its small mowers as on its large tractors.John Deere was applying stimulus generalisation through look-alike packaging.

Fixed-interval reinforcement explains why airlines' frequent flyer programs are so successful.

Stimulus generalisation refers to ________.

________ refers to a relatively permanent change in behaviour that is caused by experience.

Shari Gomez sees the big red heart on the front of a Cheerios box and immediately thinks of an ad she has seen that discusses the heart-healthy benefits of Cheerios.This is an illustration of a stimulus-response connection.

A sales manager pays a bonus to new trainees when they develop a good sales prospectus.Later, after the trainees have completed two months of training, the manager pays a bonus only for an actual sale.The manager is applying what process of instrumental conditioning to help the trainees be productive in their sales careers?

Marketers assist in the process called elaborative rehearsal when they use catchy slogans or jingles to help consumers remember information about products or services.

For modelling behaviour to occur during observational learning, four conditions must be met.What are those conditions? Be specific in your description.

Frank is sitting in his Psychology 101 class listening to his lecturer attempt to explain the 'black box' process and its connection with learning.He suddenly smells the aroma of fresh cinnamon rolls and his mouth begins to water.He looks around and sees a student in the last row bite into a large cinnamon roll.'I wish I were sitting next to him,' Frank thinks, 'because I know I could steal a bite'.What Frank just went through in class was similar to the 'black box' process being described by his lecturer.What learning has taken place in this scenario?

Memories of products are often replaced (forgotten) as we learn additional information.This displacement of information is called ________.

Classical conditioning takes place when a(n) ________ is continuously matched with a(n) ________.

One of the goals of successful marketing is to have potential customers think of the marketer's product whenever they try to remember products within a certain category.This remembered set of products is called an evoked set.

Scott thought of himself as a very successful marketer.He created a campaign with a product logo that was very popular and which customers associated with a quality product.It was so popular that in a few months the logo began to appear almost everywhere.Instead of increasing sales of the product, the customer demand began to decrease as competitors' products became more successful.What characteristic of learning was ruining Scott's apparent success?

According to the information-processing approach to studying the memory process, in the ________ stage, information enters in a way the system will recognise.