Exam 5: Developmental Processes

Biologically _____ abilities such as language are easily acquired and have been part of human life from the earliest times, whereas _____ abilities such as reading or higher mathematics require effort and are of relatively recent origin.

According to Bowlby, _____ is a process in which the mother is able to reduce fear by direct contact with the infant, providing a kind of support called a "secure base."

Ainsworth described three patterns of attachment styles. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

One important change in human lifestyle was the development of agriculture around _____ years ago, with its more fixed communities.

Haselton and Funder suggest that the ability to judge personality can be considered in terms of four basic hypotheses. Which of the following is NOT one of those hypotheses?

Based on cross-cultural tests of their model, McCrae and Costa suggest that the five factors of personality be considered as

Around the end of the first year of life, the infant becomes aware of what other people are looking at. This aspect of development is referred to as a(n)

Carl Jung described personality in terms of a sensitivity in four different realms. Which of the following is NOT one of those realms?

Belsky suggests that different infant _____ styles may be productive in difficult environments and may adapt children to life in a world where people and resources are unpredictable, leading to different mating and parenting strategies than are found in children raised in more supportive environments.

What is the role of play in humans and other mammal species? Discuss Burghardt's (2004) five criteria for characterizing play.

_____ refers to the emergence of new structures and functions during the course of development; its rules relate to the manner in which environmental influences can impact the expression of the genome without directly changing the DNA, even though these patterns of gene expression can be passed on to future generations.

Bowlby assumed that the relative immaturity of the human infant resulted in attachment being a _____ process in humans than in other primates.

Based on his studies of attachment in infant monkeys, Harlow concluded that it is _____ and not feeding per se that binds the infant to the mother.

_____ theory was developed in biology to understand evolved strategies including behavioral, physiological, and anatomical adaptations that influence survival and reproduction; it offers a means of considering various evolved traits by articulating the cost, benefits, and tradeoffs of different patterns of development.

Suomi's studies of rhesus monkeys raised by their biological mothers or with peers suggest that early attachment relationships can have an important bearing on the development of _____ skills.

Nettle examined the Big Five personality traits and suggested that each of the dimensions has a particular advantage given certain environmental conditions. For example, in dangerous times, _____ may confer a survival advantage.

The ability to take another's perspective is referred to as _____; it develops during the preschool years, and is seen as a prerequisite for the ability to engage in pretend play and to lie.

Unlike object play or role play, which is engaged in equally by both males and females, _____ play is engaged in far more by males than females.

_____ reasoning suggests that you understand another person by inferring what they desire and what they believe; you accomplish this first by knowing your own motivations and then by understanding the other person's motivations may be different.

One explanation for the lack of human genetic diversity is the occurrence of specific events in human history that reduced the size of the population of humans on earth; these events are referred to as _____.