Exam 5: Growing and Learning in the Preschool Years

Stan is asked to count the toes on his left foot and report the total. Stan says, "1, 2, 3, 4, 5. There are three!" Assuming he has five toes on his foot, which principle of counting has Stan apparently failed to master?

Liam can count to 20 with ease, and he has almost mastered the 30s, but he has difficulty when he reaches 39, because he doesn't know the next decade's name. At what approximate age is Liam?

Little Julio wants to have a peanut butter and jam sandwich. He can easily open the jars of peanut butter and jam by himself now. Approximately how old is Julio?

What term did Piaget use to describe the difficulty children often have in taking another person's perspective?

By the age of 3 years, children are capable of sentences containing approximately how many words?

At approximately what age do most children give up their afternoon nap and adjust their night sleeping time to compensate?

When a word is used too broadly (i.e., beyond its traditional categorical boundaries), what is taking place?

What are the neural structures we are born with sometimes called?

While attempting to correctly answer these questions, you notice that you are mentally commenting to yourself about the level of difficulty of this question. What would Vygotsky call these internal mental remarks?

Tori understands many words in a phrase and this helps her to determine the true meaning of what is being communicated, even when a new word is introduced to her. What is the term used to describe this concept?

Cosmo is a normally developing 4-year-old. Which of the following has Cosmo most likely just begun to do?

Ben's mom, Sofia, makes up a nonsensical word and has Ben repeat it immediately after to her so that he can learn different speech sounds. What is the name for this ability to briefly remember a speech sound?

Francesca does a pretty good job of completing math problems but does much better if she is given direction by her teacher. What concept is illustrated by the difference between what Francesca can do alone and what she can do with assistance?

When asked to describe why storm clouds travel so slowly in the sky, Jacqueline gives several interesting answers. Which provides the best example of animism?

Which of the following strategies is recommended for parents dealing with preschool eating difficulties?

While counting four objects, Yoshiko says "1, 2, 4, 8" one time, and "2, 1, 4, 8" the next time. Which principle of counting has Yoshiko failed to master?

From where does teaching assistance come during scaffolding?

Rather than saying "the kitten fell in the bath tub," young Morris says, "Kitty wet," which leaves Morris's mother to wonder about the nature of the liquid on or coming out of the cat. Which linguistic limitation does this example illustrate?

How did Piaget and Vygotsky view the "journey" of cognitive development?

During a power outage, Blair does not want to finish eating her vanilla ice cream because when the lights went out, "the ice cream turned black." What stage of development is Blair most likely in?