Chat with AIExam 9: The Biomechanics of the Human Spine
The rectus abdominis causes flexion when contracted ________.
(34) 
VerifiedB
What is the enlarged cervical portion of the supraspinous ligament called?
(26) VerifiedD
List and discuss the primary abdominal muscles, explaining how they perform motion in all three planes.
(27) 
Answered by Examlex AI CopilotThe primary abdominal muscles are the rectus abdominis, the external obliques, the internal obliques, and the transverse abdominis. These muscles work together to provide stability and support for the spine and pelvis, as well as to assist in various movements of the trunk.
The rectus abdominis is the most superficial abdominal muscle and is responsible for flexing the trunk, such as during a sit-up or crunch. It also helps to stabilize the pelvis during movements.
The external obliques are located on the sides of the abdomen and are responsible for rotating and side-bending the trunk. They also assist in flexing the trunk and provide support during activities like lifting and twisting.
The internal obliques are located underneath the external obliques and work in conjunction with them to rotate and side-bend the trunk. They also help to stabilize the spine and pelvis during movements.
The transverse abdominis is the deepest abdominal muscle and acts like a corset, providing stability and support for the internal organs and spine. It also helps to compress the abdomen and assist in forced expiration.
These muscles perform motion in all three planes (sagittal, frontal, and transverse) by working together to produce various movements of the trunk. For example, during a twisting motion, the obliques work to rotate the trunk in the transverse plane, while also providing stability in the frontal and sagittal planes. During a side bend, the obliques work to bend the trunk to the side in the frontal plane, while also providing stability in the other planes. Overall, the primary abdominal muscles work synergistically to provide support and movement in all three planes of motion.
Two adjacent vertebrae and the associated soft tissues form a ___________________ ___________________, the functional unit of the spine.
(32) What type of joint occurs between the superior and inferior articulating facets of adjacent vertebrae?
(32) List and describe the three abnormal deviations in the spinal curvature, including symptoms, possible causes, and treatment options.
(35) Attachment to the ribs limits range of motion in which vertebrae?
(34) The major extensor and hyperextensor of the trunk is the ___________________ ___________________ muscle group.
(35) Which of the following are potential consequences of spinal fractures?
(26) The term "slipped disc" is often used to describe a ___________________ disc.
(35) Which of the following contributes to increased spinal loading?
(41) Explain proper lifting including rationale. Also, explain why twisting should be avoided when lifting.
(39) Which of the following vertebral regions has the best range of motion?
(35) What musculoskeletal problem causes the most absences from work?
(29) The spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae inhibit movement in which plane?
(34) From superior to inferior, there are 7 ___________________ vertebrae, 12 ___________________ vertebrae, 5 ___________________ vertebrae, 5 ___________________ vertebrae, and 4 ___________________ vertebrae.
(41) What type of articulation occurs between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae?
(38) 
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