A manufacturer of industrial equipment has a standard costing system based on direct labour hours (DLHs) as the measure of activity. Data from the company's flexible budget for manufacturing overhead are given below: $\begin{array}{|l|r|} \hline \text { Denominator Level of Activity } & 9,000 \mathrm{DLHs} \\ \hline \text { Overhead Costs at the Denominator Activity Level: } & \\ \hline \text { Variable Overhead Cost } & \$ 90,700 \\ \hline \text { Fixed Overhead Cost } & \$ 102,800 \\ \hline \end{array}$ $\text { The following data pertain to operations for the most recent period: }$ $\begin{array}{|l|r|} \hline \text { Actual Hours } & 7,800 \mathrm{DLHs} \\ \hline \text { Standard Hours Allowed for the Actual Output } & 7,765 \mathrm{DLHs} \\ \hline \text { Actual Total Variable Overhead Cost } & \$ 54,210 \\ \hline \text { Actual Total Fixed Overhead Cost } & \$ 100,200 \\ \hline \end{array}$ -How much overhead was applied to products during the period,rounded to the nearest dollar?

A) $166,948 B) $153,270. C) $154,410. D) $157,200. A) $166,948 B) $153,270. C) $154,410. D) $157,200. A

Information on Kennedy Company's direct material costs follows: $\begin{array}{|l|r|} \hline \text { Standard price per kilogram of raw materials } & \$ 3.60 \\ \hline \text { Actual quantity of raw materials purchased } & 1,600 \text { kilograms } \\ \hline \text { Standard quantity allowed for actual production } & 1,450 \text { kilograms } \\ \hline \text { Materials purchase price variance-favourable } & \$ 240 \\ \hline \end{array}$ What was the actual purchase price per unit,rounded to the nearest cent?

A) $3.06. B) $3.11. C) $3.45. D) $3.75. A) $3.06. B) $3.11. C) $3.45. D) $3.75.

Sucher Company uses a standard cost system in which manufacturing overhead costs are applied to units of product on the basis of machine hours.The company's condensed flexible budget for manufacturing overhead is given below: $\begin{array}{|l|r|r|r|r|}\hline &\text { Per Machine Hour }&&\text { Machine Hours }\\ \hline & & 20,000 & \underline{25,000} & \underline{30,000} \\ \hline \text { Variable overhead costs } & \$ 3 & \$ 60,000 & \$ 75,000 & \$ 90,000 \\ \hline \text { Fixed overhead costs } & & \underline{300,000} & \underline{300,000} & \underline{300,000} \\ \hline \text { Total overhead costs } & & \$ 360,000 & \$ 375,000 & \$ 390,000 \\ \hline \end{array}$ The denominator level of activity is 30,000 machine hours.Standards call for 2.5 machine hours per unit of output.Actual activity and manufacturing overhead costs for the year are given below: $\begin{array}{|l|r|} \hline \text { Units produced } & 12,800 \text { units } \\ \hline \text { Machine hours used } & 31,600 \text { machine hours } \\ \hline \text { Overhead costs incurred: } & \\ \hline \text { Variable costs } & \$ 96,000 \\ \hline \text { Fixed costs } &\$ 297,000 \\ \hline \end{array}$ Required: a)What are the standard hours allowed for the output? b)What was the variable overhead spending variance? c)What was the variable overhead efficiency variance? d)What was the fixed overhead budget variance? e)What was the fixed overhead volume variance? f)(Appendix 10B)Prepare a journal entry to record the variable overhead costs incurred and applied,including the results of the variance analysis. g)(Appendix 10B)Prepare a journal entry to record the fixed overhead costs incurred and applied,including the results of the variance analysis.

a)12,800 units * 2.5 machine hours per u

Mauve Company uses a standard cost system that applies manufacturing overhead to units of product on the basis of direct labour hours (DLHs).The following data pertain to last month: $\begin{array}{|l|r|} \hline \text { Actual Hours Worked } & 2,400 \mathrm{DLHs} \\ \hline \text { Budgeted Fixed Overhead Costs } & \$ 10,000 \\ \hline \text { Actual Fixed Overhead Costs } & \$ 10,400 \\ \hline \text { Standard Hours Allowed } & 2,500 \mathrm{DLHs} \\ \hline \text { Predetermined Overhead Rate } & \$ 5 \text { per DLH } \\ \hline \end{array}$ What was the fixed overhead budget variance?

A) $300 favourable. B) $300 unfavourable. C) $400 unfavourable. D) $500 favourable. A) $300 favourable. B) $300 unfavourable. C) $400 unfavourable. D) $500 favourable.

The Dillon Company makes and sells a single product and uses a flexible budget for overhead to plan and control overhead costs. Overhead costs are applied on the basis of direct labour hours. The standard cost card shows that 5 direct labour hours are required per unit. The Dillon Company had the following budgeted and actual data for March: $\begin{array} { | l | r | r | } \hline & \text { Actual } & \text { Budgeted } \\ \hline \text { Units Produced } & 33,900 & 30,800 \\ \hline \text { Direct Labour Hours } & 161,800 & 154,000 \\ \hline \text { Variable Overhead Costs } & \$ 140,500 & \$ 123,200 \\ \hline \text { Fixed Overhead Costs } & \$ 80,000 & \$ 77,000 \\ \hline \end{array}$ -What was the fixed overhead budget variance for March?

A) $900 favourable. B) $3,000 unfavourable. C) $3,900 favourable. D) $7,750 favourable. A) $900 favourable. B) $3,000 unfavourable. C) $3,900 favourable. D) $7,750 favourable.

Wattis Manufacturing has established the following master flexible budget: \(\begin{array}{r} \text { Production in Units }\\ \begin{array}{|l|r|r|r|} \hline & \underline{100,00} & \underline{150,000} & 200,000 \\ \hline \text { Variable expenses: } & & & \\ \hline \text { Raw materials } & \$ 220,000 & 330,000 & 440,000 \\ \hline \text { Direct labour } & 240,000 & 360,000 & 480,000 \\ \hline \text { Manufacturing overhead } & 180,00 & 270,000 & 360,000 \\ \hline \text { Selling and administrative } & \underline{100,00} & \underline{150,000} & \underline{200,000} \\ \hline \text { Total variable expenses } & \$ 740,000 & \$ 1,110,000 & \$ 1,480,000 \\ \hline\\ \hline \text { Fixed expenses: } & & & \\ \hline \text { Manufacturing overhead } & \$ 337,500 & \$ 337,500 & \$ 337,500 \\ \hline \text { Selling and administrative } & \underline{250,000} & \underline{250,000} & \underline{250,000} \\ \hline \text { Total fixed expenses } & \$ 587,500 & \$ 587,500 & \$ 587,500 \\ \hline & & & \\ \hline \text { Total expenses } & \$ 1,327,500 & \$ 1,697,000 & \$ 2,067,500 \\ \hline \end{array}\end{array}\) Manufacturing overhead is applied on the basis of machine hours.At standard,each unit of product requires one machine hour to complete. Required: a)The denominator activity level is 150,000 units.What are the predetermined variable and fixed manufacturing overhead rates? b)Actual data for the year were as follows: $\begin{array}{|l|r|} \hline \text { Answer: } & \$ 211,680 \\ \text { Actual variable manufacturing overhead cost } & \\ \hline \text { Actual fixed manufacturing overhead cost } & \$ 343,000 \\ \hline \text { Actual machine hours incurred } & 126,000 \\ \hline \text { Units produced } & 120,000 \\ \hline \end{array}$

Compute the variable overhead spending a

The following standards for variable manufacturing overhead have been established for a company that makes only one product: $\begin{array}{|l|r|} \hline \text { Standard hours per unit of output } & 5.6 \text { hours } \\ \hline \text { Standard variable overhead rate } & \$ 12.00 \text { per hour } \\ \hline \end{array}$ The following data pertain to operations for the last month: $\begin{array}{|l|r|} \hline \text { Actual hours } & 2,600 \text { hours } \\ \hline \text { Actual total variable overhead cost } & \$ 31,330 \\ \hline \text { Actual output } & 400 \text { units } \\ \hline \end{array}$ What was the variable overhead spending variance for the month?

A) $130 favourable. B) $130 unfavourable. C) $4,338 unfavourable. D) $4,450 unfavourable. A) $130 favourable. B) $130 unfavourable. C) $4,338 unfavourable. D) $4,450 unfavourable.

The Murray Company makes and sells a single product. The company recorded the following activity and cost data for May: $\begin{array}{l} \begin{array} { | l | r | } \hline \text { Number of Units Completed } & 45,000 \text { units } \\ \hline \text { Standard Direct Labour Hours Allowed per Unit of Product } & 1.5 \text { DLHS } \\ \hline \text { Budgeted Direct Labour Hours (denominator activity) } & 72,000 \text { DLHS } \\ \hline \text { Actual Fixed Overhead Costs Incurred } & \$ 66,000 \\ \hline \text { Volume Variance } & \$ 4,4275 \text { unfavourable } \\ \hline \end{array}\\ \text { The fixed portion of the predetermined overhead rate is } \$ 0.95 \text { per direct labour hour. } \end{array}$ -What was the amount of fixed manufacturing overhead cost applied to work in process during May?

A) $42,750. B) $61,725. C) $62,700. D) $64,125. A) $42,750. B) $61,725. C) $62,700. D) $64,125.

Exam 10: Standard Costs and Overhead Analysis

(Appendix 10B)Nova Corporation produces a single product and uses a standard cost system to help control costs.Overhead is applied to production on the basis of machine hours.According to the company's flexible budget,the following overhead costs should be incurred at an activity level of 18,000 machine hours (the denominator activity level chosen for the current year): Variable Overhead Costs \ 45,000 Fixed Overhead Costs \ 108,000 Total Overhead Costs \ 153,000 During the current year,the following operating results were recorded: Actual Machine Hours Worked 15,000 Standard Machine Hours Allowed 16,000 Actual Variable Overhead Cost Incurred \ 38,000 Actual Fixed Overhead Cost Incurred \ 107,100 At the end of the year,the company's Manufacturing Overhead account showed total debits for actual overhead costs of $145,100 and total credits for overhead actually applied of $136,000.The difference ($9,100)represents underapplied overhead,the cause of which management would like to know. Required: a)Compute the predetermined overhead rate that would have been used during the year,showing separately the variable and fixed components of the rate. b)Show how the $136,000 of "Applied Costs" was computed. c)Analyze the $9,100 underapplied overhead figure in terms of the variable overhead spending and efficiency variances and the fixed overhead budget and volume variances. d)(Appendix 10B)Prepare a journal entry to record the variable overhead costs incurred and applied,including the results of the variance analysis. e)(Appendix 10B)Prepare a journal entry to record the fixed overhead costs incurred and applied,including the results of the variance analysis.

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Question 1

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a)The predetermined overhead rate,with variable and fixed elements identified:
$\begin{array}{|r|r|}\hline \$ 45,000 / 8,000 & \$ 2.50 \\\hline \$ 108,000 & \$ 6.00 \\\hline & \$ 8.50 \\\hline\end{array}$ b)Applied overhead for the period:
$\begin{array}{|l|r|}\hline \text { Standard hours allowed x Total overhead rate } & =16,000 \text { hours } \times \$ 8.50 \\\hline & =\$ 136,000 \\\hline\end{array}$ c)Variable overhead variances:
$\begin{array}{|l|l|}\hline \text { Spending variance: } & \\\hline \text { Actual variable overhead cost } & \$ 38,000 \\\hline \text { Actual hours X Standard rate: } & \\\hline 15,000 \text { hours x } \$ 2.50 & \$ 37,500 \\\hline \text { Spending variance } & \$ 500 \text { unfavourable } \\\hline\end{array}$ $\begin{array}{|l|r|}\hline \text { Efficiency variance: } & \\\hline \text { Actual hours x Standard rate: } & \\\hline 15,000 \text { hours x } \$ 2.50= & \$ 37,500 \\\hline \text { Standard hours allowed x Standard rate: } & \\\hline 16,000 \text { hours x } \$ 2.50 &\$ 40,000 \\\hline \text { Efficiency variance } & \$ 2,500 \text { favourable } \\\hline\end{array}$ $\begin{array}{|l|r|}\hline \text { Fixed overhead variances: } & \\\hline \text { Budget variance: } & \\\hline \text { Actual fixed overhead cost } & \$ 107,100 \\\hline \text { Flexible budget fixed overhead cost } & \$ 108,000 \\\hline \text { Budget variance } & \$ 900 \text { favourable } \\\hline\end{array}$ $\begin{array}{|l|r|}\hline \text { Volume variance: } & \\\hline \text { Flexible budget fixed overhead cost } & \$ 108,000 \\\hline \text { Fixed overhead applied to work in process: } &\\\hline 16,000 \mathrm{x} \$ 6.00= & \$ 96,000 \\\hline \text { Volume variance } & \$ 12,000 \text { unfavourable } \\\hline\end{array}$ Proof of variances:
$\begin{array}{|l|r|}\hline \text { Variable overhead spending variance } & \$ 500 \text { unfavourable } \\\hline \text { Variable overhead efficiency variance } & \$ 2,500 \text { favourable } \\\hline \text { Fixed overhead budget variance } & \$ 900 \text { favourable } \\\hline \text { Fixed overhead volume variance } & \$ 12,000 \text { unfavourable } \\\hline \text { Underapplied overhead } & \$ 9,100 \text { unfavourable } \\\hline\end{array}$ d)Journal entries for variable overhead:
$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Variable Overhead Costs } & \$ 38,000 & \\\hline \text { Sundry Accounts } & & \$ 38,000 \\\hline & & \\\hline \text { Work-in-Process } & \$ 40,000 & \\\hline \text { Variable Overhead Costs } & & \$ 40,000 \\\hline & & \\\hline \text { Variable Overhead Costs } & \$ 2,000 \\\hline \text { Spending Variance } & \$ 500 & \\\hline \text { Efficiency Variance } & & \$ 2,500 \\\hline & &\\\hline\end{array}$ e)Journal entries for fixed overhead:
$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Fixed Overhead Costs } & \$ 107,100 & \\\hline \text { Sundry Accounts } & & \$ 107,100 \\\hline & & \\\hline \text { Work-in-Process }(32,000 \times \$ 10) & \$ 96,000 & \\\hline \text { Fixed Overhead Costs } & & \$ 96,000 \\\hline & & \\\hline \text { Volume Variance } & \$ 12,000 & \\\hline \text { Fixed Overhead Costs } & & \$ 11,100 \\\hline \text { Budget Variance } & & \$ 900 \\\hline\end{array}$

Flick Company uses a standard cost system.Manufacturing overhead is applied to units of product on the basis of direct labour hours.The company's total budgeted variable and fixed manufacturing overhead costs at the denominator level of activity are $20,000 for variable overhead and $30,000 for fixed overhead.The predetermined overhead rate,including both fixed and variable components,is $2.50 per direct labour hour.The standards call for two direct labour hours per unit of output produced.Last year,the company produced 11,500 units of product and worked 22,000 direct labour hours.Actual costs were $22,500 for variable overhead and $31,000 for fixed overhead. Required: a)What is the denominator level of activity? b)What were the standard hours allowed for the output last year? c)What was the variable overhead spending variance? d)What was the variable overhead efficiency variance? e)What was the fixed overhead budget variance? f)What was the fixed overhead volume variance?

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Question 2

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a)Total overhead at the denominator level of activity $50,000
Denominator level of activity = $50,000/$2.50
= 20,000 DLHs
b)
$\begin{array}{|l|r|}\hline \text { Actual output } & 11,500 \text { units } \\\hline \text { Standard DLH per unit } & \text { X 2 DLH per unit } \\\hline \text { Standard DLHs allowed } & 23,000 \text { DLHs } \\\hline\end{array}$ c)Computation of variable overhead spending variance:
Spending variance = (AH * AR)- (AH * SR)
= ($22,500)- (22,000 DLHs * $1.00 * )
= $500 unfavourable
* $20,000/20,000 DLHs = $1.00
d)Computation of variable overhead efficiency variance:
Spending variance = (AH * SR)- (SH * SR)
= (22,000 DLHs * $1.00)- (23,000 DLHs * $1.00)
= $1,000 favourable
* 2 DLHs per unit * 11,500 units = 23,000 DLHs
e)Computation of the fixed overhead budget variance:
Budget variance = Actual fixed overhead - Flexible budget fixed overhead
= $31,000 - $30,000
= $1,000 unfavourable
f)Computation of the fixed overhead volume variance:
Volume variance = Fixed portion of predetermined overhead rate *
(Denominator hours - Standard hours allowed)
= $1.50 * (20,000 DLH - 23,000 DLH)
= $4,500 favourable
*$30,000/20,000 DLH = $1.50

A manufacturer of industrial equipment has a standard costing system based on direct labour hours (DLHs) as the measure of activity. Data from the company's flexible budget for manufacturing overhead are given below: Denominator Level of Activity 9,000 Overhead Costs at the Denominator Activity Level: Variable Overhead Cost \ 90,700 Fixed Overhead Cost \ 102,800 $\text { The following data pertain to operations for the most recent period: }$ Actual Hours 7,800 Standard Hours Allowed for the Actual Output 7,765 Actual Total Variable Overhead Cost \ 54,210 Actual Total Fixed Overhead Cost \ 100,200 -How much overhead was applied to products during the period,rounded to the nearest dollar?

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Question 3

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A

Which of the following refers to standards that allow for no machine breakdowns or other work interruptions and that require peak efficiency at all times?

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Question 4

Information on Kennedy Company's direct material costs follows: Standard price per kilogram of raw materials \ 3.60 Actual quantity of raw materials purchased 1,600 kilograms Standard quantity allowed for actual production 1,450 kilograms Materials purchase price variance-favourable \ 240 What was the actual purchase price per unit,rounded to the nearest cent?

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Question 5

The Claus Company makes and sells a single product and uses standard costing. During January, the company actually used 8,700 direct labour hours (DLHs) and produced 3,000 units of product. The standard cost card for one unit of product includes the following: Variable Factory Overhead: 3.0 DLHs @ $4.00 per DLH. Fixed Factory Overhead: 3.0 DLHs. @ $3.50 per DLH. For January, the company incurred $22,000 of actual fixed overhead costs and recorded an $875 favourable volume variance. -What was the budgeted fixed factory overhead cost for January?

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Question 6

The economic impact of the inability to reach a target denominator level of activity would best be measured by which of the following?

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Question 7

Sucher Company uses a standard cost system in which manufacturing overhead costs are applied to units of product on the basis of machine hours.The company's condensed flexible budget for manufacturing overhead is given below: Per Machine Hour Machine Hours 20,000 Variable overhead costs \ 3 \ 60,000 \ 75,000 \ 90,000 Fixed overhead costs Total overhead costs \ 360,000 \ 375,000 \ 390,000 The denominator level of activity is 30,000 machine hours.Standards call for 2.5 machine hours per unit of output.Actual activity and manufacturing overhead costs for the year are given below: Units produced 12,800 units Machine hours used 31,600 machine hours Overhead costs incurred: Variable costs \ 96,000 Fixed costs \ 297,000 Required: a)What are the standard hours allowed for the output? b)What was the variable overhead spending variance? c)What was the variable overhead efficiency variance? d)What was the fixed overhead budget variance? e)What was the fixed overhead volume variance? f)(Appendix 10B)Prepare a journal entry to record the variable overhead costs incurred and applied,including the results of the variance analysis. g)(Appendix 10B)Prepare a journal entry to record the fixed overhead costs incurred and applied,including the results of the variance analysis.

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Question 8

Mauve Company uses a standard cost system that applies manufacturing overhead to units of product on the basis of direct labour hours (DLHs).The following data pertain to last month: Actual Hours Worked 2,400 Budgeted Fixed Overhead Costs \ 10,000 Actual Fixed Overhead Costs \ 10,400 Standard Hours Allowed 2,500 Predetermined Overhead Rate \ 5 per DLH What was the fixed overhead budget variance?

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Question 9

In a certain standard costing system,the following results occurred last period: labour rate variance,$1,000 unfavourable; labour efficiency variance,$2,800 favourable; and the actual labour rate was $0.20 more per hour than the standard labour rate.What number of actual direct labour hours was used last period?

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Question 10

The variable overhead efficiency variance reflects how efficiently variable overhead resources were used.

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Question 11

The sales quantity variance is calculated by holding constant which of the following?

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Question 12

Yola Company manufactures a product with standards for direct labour of 4 direct labour-hours per unit at a cost of $12.00 per direct labour-hour.During June,1,000 units were produced using 4,100 hours at $12.20 per hour.What was the direct labour efficiency variance?

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Question 13

The Dillon Company makes and sells a single product and uses a flexible budget for overhead to plan and control overhead costs. Overhead costs are applied on the basis of direct labour hours. The standard cost card shows that 5 direct labour hours are required per unit. The Dillon Company had the following budgeted and actual data for March: Actual Budgeted Units Produced 33,900 30,800 Direct Labour Hours 161,800 154,000 Variable Overhead Costs \ 140,500 \ 123,200 Fixed Overhead Costs \ 80,000 \ 77,000 -What was the fixed overhead budget variance for March?

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Question 14

If the standard hours allowed for the actual output of the period is greater than the denominator level of activity (in hours),then the overhead budget variance will be unfavourable.

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Question 15

What do the terms "standard quantity allowed" or "standard hours allowed" mean?

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Question 16

Wattis Manufacturing has established the following master flexible budget: Production in Units 200,000 Variable expenses: Raw materials \ 220,000 330,000 440,000 Direct labour 240,000 360,000 480,000 Manufacturing overhead 180,00 270,000 360,000 Selling and administrative Total variable expenses \ 740,000 \ 1,110,000 \ 1,480,000 Fixed expenses: Manufacturing overhead \ 337,500 \ 337,500 \ 337,500 Selling and administrative Total fixed expenses \ 587,500 \ 587,500 \ 587,500 Total expenses \ 1,327,500 \ 1,697,000 \ 2,067,500 Manufacturing overhead is applied on the basis of machine hours.At standard,each unit of product requires one machine hour to complete. Required: a)The denominator activity level is 150,000 units.What are the predetermined variable and fixed manufacturing overhead rates? b)Actual data for the year were as follows: Answer: \ 211,680 Actual variable manufacturing overhead cost Actual fixed manufacturing overhead cost \ 343,000 Actual machine hours incurred 126,000 Units produced 120,000

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Question 17

The following standards for variable manufacturing overhead have been established for a company that makes only one product: Standard hours per unit of output 5.6 hours Standard variable overhead rate \ 12.00 per hour The following data pertain to operations for the last month: Actual hours 2,600 hours Actual total variable overhead cost \ 31,330 Actual output 400 units What was the variable overhead spending variance for the month?

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Question 18

The Murray Company makes and sells a single product. The company recorded the following activity and cost data for May: Number of Units Completed 45,000 units Standard Direct Labour Hours Allowed per Unit of Product 1.5 DLHS Budgeted Direct Labour Hours (denominator activity) 72,000 DLHS Actual Fixed Overhead Costs Incurred \ 66,000 Volume Variance \ 4,4275 unfavourable The fixed portion of the predetermined overhead rate is \ 0.95 per direct labour hour. -What was the amount of fixed manufacturing overhead cost applied to work in process during May?

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Question 19

(Appendix 10A)Pictou Company uses two raw materials,X and Y,in the manufacture of its only product: Gizmo.Both materials are very close substitutes.The standard proportions for the manufacture of a unit of Gizmo are 6 units of X and 4 units of Y.The unit standard prices of X and Y are $16 and $20,respectively.During the month of August,the company used 3,000 units of X and 1,800 units of Y to produce 460 units of Gizmo. Required: a)Calculate the following variances for raw materials X and Y: (i)Quantity variances. (ii)Mix variances. (iii)Yield variances b)Suppose you are made aware that the assistant production manager recommended the departure from the standard mix.Should the assistant manager be commended? Explain

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Question 20

Which of the following refers to standards that allow for no machine breakdowns or other work interruptions and that require peak efficiency at all times?

The economic impact of the inability to reach a target denominator level of activity would best be measured by which of the following?

The variable overhead efficiency variance reflects how efficiently variable overhead resources were used.

The sales quantity variance is calculated by holding constant which of the following?

Yola Company manufactures a product with standards for direct labour of 4 direct labour-hours per unit at a cost of $12.00 per direct labour-hour.During June,1,000 units were produced using 4,100 hours at $12.20 per hour.What was the direct labour efficiency variance?

If the standard hours allowed for the actual output of the period is greater than the denominator level of activity (in hours),then the overhead budget variance will be unfavourable.

What do the terms "standard quantity allowed" or "standard hours allowed" mean?

Managerial Accounting and the Business Environment

Cost Terms,concepts,and Classifications

Cost Behaviour: Analysis and Use

Cost-Volume-Profit Relationships

Systems Design: Job-Order Costing

Systems Design: Process Costing

Activity-Based Costing: A Tool to Aid Decision Making

Variable Costing: A Tool for Management

Budgeting

Reporting for Control

Relevant Costs for Decision Making

Capital Budgeting Decisions

Financial Statement Analysis

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