Question 1

In a sample showing low absolute continuity and high differential continuity over time for a given trait,

Accepted Answer

A)  The average of individual scores remains the same over time and their relative positions in the score distribution remain the same 
B)  The average of individual scores changes over time and their relative positions in the score distribution change 
C)  The average of individual scores changes over time and their relative positions in the score distribution remain the same 
D)  The average of individual scores remains the same over time and their relative positions in the score distribution change 
A)  The average of individual scores remains the same over time and their relative positions in the score distribution remain the same 
B)  The average of individual scores changes over time and their relative positions in the score distribution change 
C)  The average of individual scores changes over time and their relative positions in the score distribution remain the same 
D)  The average of individual scores remains the same over time and their relative positions in the score distribution change

Question 2

Which of the following is not true regarding the temperament dimension of "effortful control"?

Accepted Answer

A)  In early childhood, girls score higher than boys 
B)  High scores predict effective interpersonal functioning 
C)  Scores on effortful control tend not to change between ages of 2 and 4 years 
D)  Effortful control is a foundational temperament for the development of conscience in children 
A)  In early childhood, girls score higher than boys 
B)  High scores predict effective interpersonal functioning 
C)  Scores on effortful control tend not to change between ages of 2 and 4 years 
D)  Effortful control is a foundational temperament for the development of conscience in children

Question 3

In the AT&T longitudinal study of male managers followed from their 20s into their 40s, which of the following trends was discovered with respect to personality traits?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decreases in ambition over time, and increases in autonomy 
B)  Decreases in autonomy over time, and increases in friendliness 
C)  Decreases in friendliness over time, and increases in detachment 
D)  Decreases in responsibility over time, and increases in rigidity 
A)  Decreases in ambition over time, and increases in autonomy 
B)  Decreases in autonomy over time, and increases in friendliness 
C)  Decreases in friendliness over time, and increases in detachment 
D)  Decreases in responsibility over time, and increases in rigidity

Question 4

Which of the following statements best captures the difference in meaning between "temperament" and "traits"?

Accepted Answer

A)  Temperament is highly heritable whereas traits show low heritability 
B)  Childhood traits develop gradually into adult temperaments 
C)  Temperament refers to negative interaction patterns whereas traits usually are couched in positive, prosocial terms 
D)  Temperament refers to broad and stylistic features of behavior that are assumed to be part of native endowment whereas traits are more socially and cognitively elaborated 
A)  Temperament is highly heritable whereas traits show low heritability 
B)  Childhood traits develop gradually into adult temperaments 
C)  Temperament refers to negative interaction patterns whereas traits usually are couched in positive, prosocial terms 
D)  Temperament refers to broad and stylistic features of behavior that are assumed to be part of native endowment whereas traits are more socially and cognitively elaborated

Question 5

Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies suggest that as people move from young adulthood through midlife and early old age, their scores on measures of positive emotion tend to

Accepted Answer

A)  Increase 
B)  Decrease 
C)  Remain stable 
D)  Decrease until age 40 and then increase substantially 
A)  Increase 
B)  Decrease 
C)  Remain stable 
D)  Decrease until age 40 and then increase substantially

Question 6

Research on stress reactivity analogizes different children to dandelions and orchids. Which of the following statements captures what this line of research suggests?

Accepted Answer

A)  Orchids show a higher sensitivity to context 
B)  Dandelions show stronger and more consistent behavior patterns 
C)  Orchids show a lower sensitivity to context 
D)  Dandelions show weaker and less consistent behavior patterns 
A)  Orchids show a higher sensitivity to context 
B)  Dandelions show stronger and more consistent behavior patterns 
C)  Orchids show a lower sensitivity to context 
D)  Dandelions show weaker and less consistent behavior patterns

Question 7

According to Block's studies with the Q-sort, impressive consistency in personality may be seen with respect to

Accepted Answer

A)  An individual's standing on a particular trait relative to his or her peers 
B)  Basic motives and interest patterns in persons 
C)  Patterns of personality traits evolving over time 
D)  Discrete acts that may be summed into trait categories 
A)  An individual's standing on a particular trait relative to his or her peers 
B)  Basic motives and interest patterns in persons 
C)  Patterns of personality traits evolving over time 
D)  Discrete acts that may be summed into trait categories

Question 8

In York and John's assessment of four different personality types among women, individuated women showed which of the following trait patterns?

Accepted Answer

A)  Highly dependable, but prone to guilt 
B)  Rational and objective, but prone to aloofness 
C)  Anxious, hostile, and lacking in personal meaning 
D)  Introspective and assertive, with wide interests 
A)  Highly dependable, but prone to guilt 
B)  Rational and objective, but prone to aloofness 
C)  Anxious, hostile, and lacking in personal meaning 
D)  Introspective and assertive, with wide interests

Question 9

The very concept of personality "trait" tends to be biased toward

Accepted Answer

A)  Continuity and complexity over change and simplicity 
B)  Change and complexity over continuity and simplicity 
C)  Continuity and change over complexity and simplicity 
D)  Continuity and simplicity over change and complexity 
A)  Continuity and complexity over change and simplicity 
B)  Change and complexity over continuity and simplicity 
C)  Continuity and change over complexity and simplicity 
D)  Continuity and simplicity over change and complexity

Question 10

Which of the following tends to occur regarding differential continuity of traits over the human lifespan?

Accepted Answer

A)  Differential continuity of traits tends to decrease as the length of time between measurement intervals increases 
B)  Differential continuity of traits tends to increase as measurement intervals increase 
C)  Differential continuity of traits tends to decrease later in the lifespan 
D)  Differential continuity of traits tends to be equally high regardless of testing intervals 
A)  Differential continuity of traits tends to decrease as the length of time between measurement intervals increases 
B)  Differential continuity of traits tends to increase as measurement intervals increase 
C)  Differential continuity of traits tends to decrease later in the lifespan 
D)  Differential continuity of traits tends to be equally high regardless of testing intervals

Question 11

Test-retest correlations for neuroticism over a 30-year period of time tend to be around

Accepted Answer

A)  +.80 
B)  +.50 
C)  +.20 
D)  -.20 
A)  +.80 
B)  +.50 
C)  +.20 
D)  -.20

Question 12

A heritability quotient is an estimate of

Accepted Answer

A)  The proportion of variance in a trait attributable to genetic differences between people 
B)  The percentage of genetic influence upon a given trait for an individual 
C)  The ratio of genetic to environmental impact on the development of a trait in a population of people 
D)  The extent to which scientists can be confident that a given trait is genetically determined 
A)  The proportion of variance in a trait attributable to genetic differences between people 
B)  The percentage of genetic influence upon a given trait for an individual 
C)  The ratio of genetic to environmental impact on the development of a trait in a population of people 
D)  The extent to which scientists can be confident that a given trait is genetically determined

Question 13

The 5-HT transporter gene is responsible for

Accepted Answer

A)  Producing molecules that removes serotonin from the synaptic cleft 
B)  Producing proteins that stimulate the production of serotonin 
C)  Turning on systems that increase nurturant behavior 
D)  Turning on systems that stimulate nerve transmission along serotonegenic lines 
A)  Producing molecules that removes serotonin from the synaptic cleft 
B)  Producing proteins that stimulate the production of serotonin 
C)  Turning on systems that increase nurturant behavior 
D)  Turning on systems that stimulate nerve transmission along serotonegenic lines

Question 14

In the longitudinal study of women graduating from Mills College in the late 1950s, increases in which of the following characteristics were observed from college years through midlife?

Accepted Answer

A)  Self-criticism 
B)  Dependency 
C)  Sensitivity toward others 
D)  Self-control 
A)  Self-criticism 
B)  Dependency 
C)  Sensitivity toward others 
D)  Self-control

Question 15

According to Gordon Allport, adult personality development should move in the direction of all of the following indices of maturity except

Accepted Answer

A)  Emotional security 
B)  The capacity to invest the self in significant life projects 
C)  The establishment of a personally-derived philosophy of life 
D)  The loss of a childhood sense of innocence and wonder 
A)  Emotional security 
B)  The capacity to invest the self in significant life projects 
C)  The establishment of a personally-derived philosophy of life 
D)  The loss of a childhood sense of innocence and wonder

Question 16

Research suggests that among older adults marriage tends to

Accepted Answer

A)  Insulate men from negative emotion 
B)  Promote positive emotion in women 
C)  Lead to negative emotion in women 
D)  Increase negative emotion in both women and men 
A)  Insulate men from negative emotion 
B)  Promote positive emotion in women 
C)  Lead to negative emotion in women 
D)  Increase negative emotion in both women and men

Question 17

Twin studies suggest that heritability quotients for most self-report traits tend to be around

Accepted Answer

A)  70%-80% 
B)  40%-50% 
C)  20%-30% 
D)  0%-10% 
A)  70%-80% 
B)  40%-50% 
C)  20%-30% 
D)  0%-10%

Question 18

If the heritability quotient on extraversion is 40%, this means that

Accepted Answer

A)  40% of the variability on extraversion can be attributed to chance 
B)  60% of extraversion is due to environmental factors 
C)  40% of the variability on extraversion can be attributed to genetic differences between people 
D)  40% of extraversion can be attributed to a person's genes 
A)  40% of the variability on extraversion can be attributed to chance 
B)  60% of extraversion is due to environmental factors 
C)  40% of the variability on extraversion can be attributed to genetic differences between people 
D)  40% of extraversion can be attributed to a person's genes

Question 19

A smiling and active baby may tend to receive more attention than an irritable baby, which in turn enhances the development of extraversion. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  Passive genotype influence 
B)  Active genotype influence 
C)  Ecological genotype influence 
D)  Evocative genotype influence 
A)  Passive genotype influence 
B)  Active genotype influence 
C)  Ecological genotype influence 
D)  Evocative genotype influence

Question 20

In a sample of 100 classmates, extraversion scores in 1972 correlate +.70 with extraversion scores from the same sample in 1992. This result demonstrates

Accepted Answer

A)  Low differential continuity 
B)  High differential continuity 
C)  High absolute continuity 
D)  Low absolute continuity 
A)  Low differential continuity 
B)  High differential continuity 
C)  High absolute continuity 
D)  Low absolute continuity

In a sample showing low absolute continuity and high differential continuity over time for a given trait,

Which of the following is not true regarding the temperament dimension of "effortful control"?

In the AT&T longitudinal study of male managers followed from their 20s into their 40s, which of the following trends was discovered with respect to personality traits?

Which of the following statements best captures the difference in meaning between "temperament" and "traits"?

Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies suggest that as people move from young adulthood through midlife and early old age, their scores on measures of positive emotion tend to

Research on stress reactivity analogizes different children to dandelions and orchids. Which of the following statements captures what this line of research suggests?

According to Block's studies with the Q-sort, impressive consistency in personality may be seen with respect to

In York and John's assessment of four different personality types among women, individuated women showed which of the following trait patterns?

The very concept of personality "trait" tends to be biased toward

Which of the following tends to occur regarding differential continuity of traits over the human lifespan?

Test-retest correlations for neuroticism over a 30-year period of time tend to be around

A heritability quotient is an estimate of

The 5-HT transporter gene is responsible for

In the longitudinal study of women graduating from Mills College in the late 1950s, increases in which of the following characteristics were observed from college years through midlife?

According to Gordon Allport, adult personality development should move in the direction of all of the following indices of maturity except

Research suggests that among older adults marriage tends to

Twin studies suggest that heritability quotients for most self-report traits tend to be around

If the heritability quotient on extraversion is 40%, this means that

A smiling and active baby may tend to receive more attention than an irritable baby, which in turn enhances the development of extraversion. This is an example of

In a sample of 100 classmates, extraversion scores in 1972 correlate +.70 with extraversion scores from the same sample in 1992. This result demonstrates

Studying the Person

Evolution and Human Nature

Social Learning and Culture

Personality Traits: Fundamental Concepts and Issues

Five Basic Traits in the Brain and in Behavior

Motives and Goals: What Do We Want in Life

Self and Other: Social-Cognitive Aspects of Personality

Developmental Stages and Tasks

Life Scripts, Life Stories

Interpreting Peoples Stories: From Freud to Today

Writing Stories of Lives: Biography and the Life Course

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Exam 6: Continuity and Change in Traits: the Roles of Genes, Environments, and Time

In a sample showing low absolute continuity and high differential continuity over time for a given trait,

Which of the following is not true regarding the temperament dimension of "effortful control"?

In the AT&T longitudinal study of male managers followed from their 20s into their 40s, which of the following trends was discovered with respect to personality traits?

Which of the following statements best captures the difference in meaning between "temperament" and "traits"?

Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies suggest that as people move from young adulthood through midlife and early old age, their scores on measures of positive emotion tend to

Research on stress reactivity analogizes different children to dandelions and orchids. Which of the following statements captures what this line of research suggests?

According to Block's studies with the Q-sort, impressive consistency in personality may be seen with respect to

In York and John's assessment of four different personality types among women, individuated women showed which of the following trait patterns?

The very concept of personality "trait" tends to be biased toward

Which of the following tends to occur regarding differential continuity of traits over the human lifespan?

Test-retest correlations for neuroticism over a 30-year period of time tend to be around

A heritability quotient is an estimate of

The 5-HT transporter gene is responsible for

In the longitudinal study of women graduating from Mills College in the late 1950s, increases in which of the following characteristics were observed from college years through midlife?

According to Gordon Allport, adult personality development should move in the direction of all of the following indices of maturity except

Research suggests that among older adults marriage tends to

Twin studies suggest that heritability quotients for most self-report traits tend to be around

If the heritability quotient on extraversion is 40%, this means that

A smiling and active baby may tend to receive more attention than an irritable baby, which in turn enhances the development of extraversion. This is an example of

In a sample of 100 classmates, extraversion scores in 1972 correlate +.70 with extraversion scores from the same sample in 1992. This result demonstrates

Studying the Person

Evolution and Human Nature

Social Learning and Culture

Personality Traits: Fundamental Concepts and Issues

Five Basic Traits in the Brain and in Behavior

Motives and Goals: What Do We Want in Life

Self and Other: Social-Cognitive Aspects of Personality

Developmental Stages and Tasks

Life Scripts, Life Stories

Interpreting Peoples Stories: From Freud to Today

Writing Stories of Lives: Biography and the Life Course

Filters