Exam 16: Hypothesis Testing With Measures of Association and Regression

Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output: Your research hypothesis is "In the population, there is an association (as indicated by Kendall's tau-b) between number of children and marital happiness." (〖tau-b〗_(CHILDREN*HAPMAR)≠.00)) A) What is your null hypothesis? B) Are the sample results consistent with the research hypothesis or with the null hypothesis? C) What is the probability of getting the sample results you got if the null hypothesis is true? (If this step in hypothesis testing can be skipped, write the word "SKIP".) D) What is your conclusion? (In other words, do you "reject" or "not reject" the null hypothesis based on these results?) E) Are your results statistically significant? (yes / no)

Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output: \begin{array}{l}\begin{array} {|ll|l|l|l|l| } \hline &&\text {AGE AGE OF}&\text {EDUC HIGHEST YEAR of }&\text {INCOME TOTAL }&\text {TVHOURS HOURS PER }\\&&\text {RESPONDEN \mathrm{T} }&\text { SCHOOL COMPLETED }&\text {FAMILY INCOMD }&\text {DAY WATCHING TV }\\\hline \text { AGE AGE OF}&\text {Pesysan Carresiafion }&1.000&-.176*&-.034&.007\\\text {RESPONDENT }&\text {Sig. (1-bsiled)}&-&-.014&-340&.473\\&\text {N }&155&154&151&98\\\hline \text {EDUC HIGHEST YEAR OF }&\text {Pesysan Carresiafion }&-.176*&1.000&-.271**&-.143\\\text {SCHOOL COMPLETED }&\text { Sig. (1-bsiled) }&.014&-&.000&.081\\&\text {N }&154&154&150&97\\\hline \text { INCOME TOTAL }&\text {Pesysan Carresiafion }&-.034&.271**&1.000&-.299**\\\text {FAMILY INCOME }&\text {Sig. (1-bsiled) }&.340&.000&-&.002\\&\text { N}&151&150&151&95\\\hline \text {TVHOURS HOURS PER }&\text {Pesysan Carresiafion }&.007&-.143&-.299*&1.000\\\text { DAY WATCHING TV}&\text {Sig. (1-bsiled) }&.473&.081&.002&-\\&\text { N}&98&97&95&98\\\hline \end{array}\end{array} +. Carredafon is sigrifcart at êt 0.05 leved (1-tsiled). $*$ . Correlation is sigrifiest st tne 0.01 lenved (1-tsiled). Your research hypothesis is "In the population, there is a positive correlation between age (AGE) and education (EDUC)." () A) What is your null hypothesis? B) Are the sample results consistent with the research hypothesis or with the null hypothesis? C) What is the probability of getting the sample results you got if the null hypothesis is true? (If this step in hypothesis testing can be skipped, write the word "SKIP".) D) What is your conclusion? (In other words, do you "reject" or "not reject" the null hypothesis based on these results?) E) Are your results statistically significant? (yes / no)

Your research hypothesis is that there is an association (as indicated by Cramer's V) between race and highest educational degree. Based on the following output, the sample results are consistent with the _____, the significance level is _____, and the null hypothesis is _____. Symmetric Measures Value Approx, Sig. Nominal by Nominal Phi .278 .000 Cramer's V .196 .000 of Valid Cases 450

Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output:Correlations ABORTOK AGE CHILDREN ABORTOK Pearson Correlation 1 -.076 -17 Sig. (2-tailed) .208 .004 274 274 274 AGE Pearson Correlation -.076 1 .075 Sig. (2-tailed) 208 .114 274 450 448 CHILDREN Pearson Correlation -17 .075 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .004 .114 N 274 448 448 **. Correlation is significant at the $0.01$ level (2-tailed). Your research hypothesis is "In the population, there is a correlation between age (AGE) and willingness to allow legal abortion (ABORTOK)." () A) What is your null hypothesis? B) Are the sample results consistent with the research hypothesis or with the null hypothesis? C) What is the probability of getting the sample results you got if the null hypothesis is true? (If this step in hypothesis testing can be skipped, write the word "SKIP".) D) What is your conclusion? (In other words, do you "reject" or "not reject" the null hypothesis based on these results?) E) Are your results statistically significant? (yes / no)

Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Is there a significant difference in the average amount given to charity by Americans, Germans, Japanese, and Swedes?"

Your research hypothesis is that there is an association (as indicated by Cramer's V) between race and highest educational degree. Based on the following output, the sample results are consistent with the _____, the significance level is _____, and the null hypothesis is _____. Symmetric Measures Value Approx. Sig. Nominal by Nominal Phi .217 .382 Cramer's V .154 .382 N of Valid Cases 135

Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Is there a significant relationship between nationality and religious affiliation?"

Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output: Symmetric Measures Value Asymp. Std. Errorᵃ Approx. Tᵇ Approx. Sig. Ordinal by Ordinal Kendall's tau-b .123 .061 1.991 .046 N of Valid Cases 239 a. Not assuming the null hypothesis. b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis. Your research hypothesis is "In the population, there is a positive association (as indicated by Kendall's tau-b) between highest educational degree and marital happiness." () A) What is your null hypothesis? B) Are the sample results consistent with the research hypothesis or with the null hypothesis? C) What is the probability of getting the sample results you got if the null hypothesis is true? (If this step in hypothesis testing can be skipped, write the word "SKIP".) D) What is your conclusion? (In other words, do you "reject" or "not reject" the null hypothesis based on these results?) E) Are your results statistically significant? (yes / no)

Your research hypothesis is that there is a negative association (as indicated by Kendall's tau-b) between social class and happiness with life. Based on the following output, the sample results are consistent with the _____, the significance level is _____, and the null hypothesis is _____. Symmetric Measures Value Asymp. Std. Error? Approx. T? Approx, Sig. Ordinal by Ordinal Kendall's tau-b .199 .088 2.210 .027 N of Valid Cases 122 a. Not assuming the null hypothesis. b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

Which variable has a significant net effect on willingness to allow legal abortion (ABORTOK)? Coefficients" Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coeficients Model B Std. Error Beta Sig. 1 (Constant) 2.327 1.648 1.412 .160 AGE .034 .058 .042 .584 560 EDUC .100 .064 .117 1.560 .120 RELINTEN -.729 .202 -.257 -3.606 .000 SIBLINGS -.036 .078 -.034 -.461 .646 a. Dependent Variable: ABORTOK

Before checking the significance levels of the net effects of the independent variables in a multiple regression, the significance of what should be checked?

Which of the following conclusions is supported by these regression results? Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig. 1 1.873 2.512 .746 .456 (Constant) -.018 .045 -.021 -388 .698 AGE .030 .088 .018 337 .737 CHILDREN .396 .051 .420 7.688 .000 EDUC -294 .112 -139 -2.623 .009

Hypothesis tests for which measures of association must be identified as one-tailed or two-tailed?

In SPSS output the significance levels for regression coefficients are not marked as one- or two-tailed. That means they are

Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output: Symmetric Measures Value Approx. Sig. Nominal by Nominal Phi .170 .333 Cramer's V .120 .333 N of Valid Cases 239 Your research hypothesis is "In the population, there is an association (as indicated by Cramer's V) between type of family in which raised and marital happiness." () A) What is your null hypothesis? B) Are the sample results consistent with the research hypothesis or with the null hypothesis? C) What is the probability of getting the sample results you got if the null hypothesis is true? (If this step in hypothesis testing can be skipped, write the word "SKIP".) D) What is your conclusion? (In other words, do you "reject" or "not reject" the null hypothesis based on these results?) E) Are your results statistically significant? (yes / no)

Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Is there a significant positive correlation between strength of attachment to a religion and amount given to charity?"

Are weak associations between variables always nonsignificant? Are strong associations always significant?

Your research hypothesis is that there is an association (as indicated by Kendall's tau-b) between social class and political orientation. Based on the following output, the sample results are consistent with the _____, the significance level is _____, and the null hypothesis is _____. Symmetric Measures Value Asymp. Std. Error? Approx. T? Approx, Sig. Ordinal by Ordinal Kendall's tau-b -.031 .082 -.385 .700 N of Valid Cases 119 a. Not assuming the null hypothesis. b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Is there a significant negative correlation between a nation's level of economic development and its population growth rate?"

Based on this correlation matrix, which of the following is true? Correlations AGE EDUC HOURS TVHOURS AGE Pearson Correlation 1 .11 .22 -.079 Sig. (2-tailed) .038 .001 .220 341 341 211 240 EDUC Pearson Correlation .11 1 .037 -.24 Sig. (2-tailed) .038 .593 .000 341 341 211 240 HOURS Pearson Correlation .22 .037 1 -.049 Sig. (2-tailed) .001 .593 .560 211 211 211 146 TVHOURS Pearson Correlation .079 -.24 -.049 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .220 .000 .560 240 240 146 240 *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).