Exam 21: Public-Key Cryptography and Message Authentication

_________ attacks have several approaches, all equivalent in effort to factoring the product of two primes.

The appeal of HMAC is that its designers have been able to prove anexact relationship between the strength of the embedded hash function and the strength of HMAC.

"Must support hash value lengths of 224, 256,384, and 512 bits" and "algorithm must process small blocks at a time instead of requiring the entire message to be buffered in memory before processing it" are requirements for ________.

HMAC can be proven secure provided that the embedded hash functionhas some reasonable cryptographic strengths.

Although the _________ attack is a serious threat, there are simple countermeasures that can be used such as constant time calcs, random delays or blinding computations.