Exam 2: Cryptographic Tools

Public-key algorithms are based on simple operations on bit patterns.

The purpose of the __________ algorithm is to enable two users to securely reach agreement about a shared secret that can be used as a secret key for subsequent symmetric encryption of messages.

The secret key is input to the encryption algorithm.

The __________ algorithm takes the ciphertext and the secret key and producesthe original plaintext.

There are two general approaches to attacking a symmetric encryption scheme:cryptanalytic attacks and __________ attacks.

Symmetric encryption is used primarily to provide confidentiality.

The simplest approach to multiple block encryption is known as __________ mode, in which plaintext is handled b bits at a time and each block of plaintext is encrypted using the same key.

A __________ attack exploits the characteristics of the algorithm to attempt to deduce a specific plaintext or to deduce the key being used.

Also referred to as single-key encryption, the universal technique for providing confidentiality for transmitted or stored data is __________ .

__________ is the scrambled message produced as output.

Combined one byte at a time with the plaintext stream using the XOR operation, a __________ is the output of the pseudorandom bit generator.

Two of the most important applications of public-key encryption aredigital signatures and key management.

A __________ stream is one that is unpredictable without knowledge of the input key and which has an apparently random character.

The original message or data that is fed into the algorithm is __________.

On average, __________ of all possible keys must be tried in order to achieve success with a brute-force attack.

__________ is a block cipher in which the plaintext and ciphertext are integers between 0 and n-1 for some n.

Triple DES takes a plaintext block of 64 bits and a key of 56 bits toproduce a ciphertext block of 64 bits.

The strength of a hash function against brute-force attacks dependssolely on the length of the hash code produced by the algorithm.

Public-key encryption was first publicly proposed by __________ in 1976.

Transmitted data stored locally are referred to as __________ .