Exam 2: Cryptographic Tools

__________ is provided by means of a co-processor board embedded in the tape drive and tape library hardware.

Cryptanalytic attacks try every possible key on a piece of ciphertextuntil an intelligible translation into plaintext is obtained.

Modes of operation are the alternative techniques that have beendeveloped to increase the security of symmetric block encryption for large sequences of data.

An important element in many computer security services andapplications is the use of cryptographic algorithms.

The purpose of a __________ is to produce a "fingerprint" of a file, message, or other block of data.

A __________ processes the input elements continuously, producing output one element at a time.

If the only form of attack that could be made on an encryption algorithm is brute-force, then the way to counter such attacks would be to __________ .

In July 1998 the __________ announced that it had broken a DES encryption using a special purpose "DES cracker" machine.

The most important symmetric algorithms, all of which are block ciphers, are the DES, triple DES, and the __________.

A message authentication code is a small block of data generated by asecret key and appended to a message.

A __________ is created by using a secure hash function to generate a hash value for a message and then encrypting the hash code with a private key.

A __________ is to try every possible key on a piece of ciphertext until an intelligible translation into plaintext is obtained.

Digital signatures and key management are the two most important applications of __________ encryption.

Public-key cryptography is asymmetric.

A _________ protects against an attack in which one party generates a message for another party to sign.

The __________ is a pair of keys that have been selected so that if one is used for encryption, the other is used for decryption.

The two criteria used to validate that a sequence of numbers is random are independence and _________ .

Some form of protocol is needed for public-key distribution.

A __________ processes the plaintext input in fixed-size blocks and produces a block of ciphertext of equal size for each plaintext block.

A _________ is a hardware device that sits between servers and storage systems and encrypts all data going from the server to the storage system and decrypts data going in the opposite direction.