Chat with AIExam 22: The Urinary System
Substances such as alcohol that promote the formation of urine are known as ________.
(40) 
VerifiedA
What are some of the problems associated with kidney transplants, and what are some ways the issues can be resolved?
(35) VerifiedA key problem with kidney transplants is organ rejection. Kidney transplants must match as closely as possible so the recipient's immune system doesn't attack the new kidney. The ideal donor is an identical twin, but often an immediate family member can be a match. The risk of rejection increases with decreasing degrees of relatedness between the donor and the recipient. Where exact matches cannot be found, transplant recipients are required to take drugs that suppress their immune system to prevent rejection. In a new method of enhancing acceptance, the recipient's immune system is suppressed through radiation to reduce his or her own cells responsible for rejection. After that radiation treatment, the recipient receives stem cells from the donor's bone marrow. If the donation is taken from a deceased donor, the kidneys can be kept alive only for 48 to 72 hours after the donor dies. If a transplant is not a possibility, the person may have to stay on a dialysis machine.
Another key problem is the shortage of organs. There are measures to increase the number of organs available for donation. One possibility is to pay donors for their contribution (a person can do quite well with only one kidney); some countries permit this practice. However, in the United States, organ donors cannot be legally paid for their gift. Because kidneys available for transplantation are always in short supply, some people go overseas to buy kidneys, legally or illegally. Another measure to increase the availability of organs is to implement an opt-out system. In some other countries, individuals must opt out if they do not wish their organs to be donated after death. In the United States, in contrast, donors must opt in. The supply of donated organs is larger in countries with opt-out systems.
Which of the following is a disease characterized by the excretion of large amounts of dilute urine caused by a deficiency of ADH?
(35) VerifiedB
Mei had high blood pressure, so her physician gave her a prescription for a certain drug that lowered her blood pressure by allowing more sodium ions to be excreted in the urine. This drug interfered with the making of ________.
(31) Which of the following does not normally move to any great extent from the blood into the filtrate at the renal corpuscle?
(33) A portion of the renal tubule that resembles a hairpin turn that may have short loops or long loops is called the ________.
(34) Which pathogen would most likely be responsible for a urinary tract infection caused by improper wiping after defecation?
(37) An individual is moderately dehydrated and reaches for a beer to quench his thirst. Although this person thinks that he is hydrating himself, he is actually causing additional dehydration. Why is this the case?
(38) The lack of voluntary control over urination due to the inability to control the external urethral sphincter is called ________.
(39) The term ________ refers to a decrease or complete cessation of glomerular filtration.
(27) The process of ________ involves the relaxation of the external urethral sphincter, emptying the bladder.
(35) What benefit do animals get from having very long loops of the nephron?
(43) Samara is an astronaut in deep space away from gravity. How could her urine move away from the kidneys and to the bladder in such a situation?
(28) The peritoneum can function as a dialyzing membrane in a procedure called ________.
(32) The release of small amounts of urine due to sudden increases in abdominal pressure that force urine past the external sphincter is referred to as ________.
(31) When a person's blood pH is too low, the kidneys will restore a healthier balance by ________.
(36) One of the most significant complications associated with kidney failure is ________.
(38) A 30-year-old female complains of frequent and painful urination. A urinalysis is performed, and the results indicate the presence of bacteria in the urine. What problem does this woman have? From an anatomical perspective, explain to the patient why she is more likely to suffer from this disorder than her husband. What sort of treatment would be appropriate?
(40) A 45-year-old diabetic has entered the hospital. Routine blood work shows that his blood pH is dropping and is currently at 7.3 (normal blood pH is about 7.4). Explain what could be occurring in the kidneys to cause a drop in blood pH. If the acidosis cannot be reversed quickly, what type of immediate treatment might the patient need to restore kidney function? There are two types of this treatment. How do they differ from each other? What sorts of complications might be expected?
(34) 
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