Exam 1: Introduction

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Sociologists tend to be interested not only in understanding the workings of society, but also in realizing a more just or equitable social order.

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Rousseau believed both in the social contract and that rationality by itself left an individual lifeless, cold, and uncertain.

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List and define each of the authors' four coordinates of action and order for mapping theory, then create a question regarding an activity in our society, covered in class, and provide the possible answers or reasons for this activity by utilizing each of the four coordinates.

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Order - It asks what accounts for the patterns or predictability of behavior that lead us to experience social life as routine. Collective - Society is thus pictured as an overarching system that works down on individuals and groups to determine the shape of the social order. Society is understood as a reality sui generis that operates according to its own logic distinct from the will of individuals: Individual - Here, it is individuals and groups creating, recreating, or altering the social order that works up to produce society. This position grants more autonomy to actors, because they are seen as relatively free to reproduce the patterns and routines of social life (i.e., the social order) or transform them. Action - the factors that motivate individuals or groups to act. The forces held to be responsible for steering individual or group behavior in a particular direction. Nonrational - the individual takes his bearings from subjective ideals, symbolic codes, values, morals, norms, traditions, the quest for meaning, unconscious desires, or emotional states, or a combination of these. Rational - It contends that individual and group actions are motivated primarily by the attempt to maximize rewards while minimizing costs. Here, individuals and groups are viewed essentially as calculating and strategic as they seek to achieve the "selfish" goal of improving their position.

Sociology reflects a complex mix of Enlightenment and counter-Enlightenment ideas

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Your authors do not provide which of the following when constructing a framework for the introductory chapter as a means for students to comprehend classical sociological theory?

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Sociology's founding fathers' work emphasized rational thought and objective methodology; leaving little room for subjective and humanistic concerns.

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Which of the following individuals is not traditionally associated with the ideas of the Enlightenment?

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According to the authors' metatheoretical framework action guided by norms, values, morals, traditions is considered

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It is true that original texts are usually too hard for students to decipher.

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The perspective that pictures society as an overarching system that works down on individuals and groups to determine the shape of the social order is called:

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Who was the most instrumental in laying the groundwork for the emerging discipline of sociology?

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When a person takes her bearings more from forces outside herself than from internalized forces, we would label this as:

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Define the term "social facts" and using examples, like your own life as a framework, briefly describe the "social facts" present in your own life, and how they operate. You may use another subject matter if you do not feel comfortable using your own life.

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Who coined the term "sociology"?

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Explain the social nature of facts.

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In answer to the sample question posed in the chapter, "Why do people stop at red lights?" which quadrant would say it is both a habit and it is good and right to follow the law?

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One of the concepts developed during the time of the Enlightenment included

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The rise of science and empiricism in the mid-seventeenth century would give birth to sociology.

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Discuss how the digital revolution of the late 20th century has affected both society and the ways we continue to study society. Do you feel the digital revolution has impacted society and sociology to the same extent as the Industrial Revolution? Why or why not?

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The Enlightenment was not so much a fixed set of ideas, but a new attitude, a new method of thought.

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