Question 1

"How does convection work?"

Accepted Answer

"Convection is the simultaneous movement (transfer) of matter and heat, whereas conduction transfers only heat from hot to cold regions. Convection happens when gravity forces that cause motion are greater than viscosity forces that resist motion; in other circumstances, heat transfers by conduction. Thermal convection originates from density contrasts between got and cold materials. Higher density contrast, which favors convection, is present in materials that have low heat conductivity and large expansion when heated. Calculations show that convection should occur in the whole mantle and in the outer core, but not within the lithosphere or inner core. Convection in the outer core results from density variations caused by compositional differences, rather than by temperature differences that cause mantle convection."

Question 2

What is declination?

Accepted Answer

A)  the angle of decrease of the axis of rotation in relation to latitude 
B)  the horizontal angle between the magnetic and geographic north poles 
C)  the vertical angle between the field-force line and Earth's surface 
D)  the angle of increase of the axis of magnetism in relation to latitude 
A)  the angle of decrease of the axis of rotation in relation to latitude 
B)  the horizontal angle between the magnetic and geographic north poles 
C)  the vertical angle between the field-force line and Earth's surface 
D)  the angle of increase of the axis of magnetism in relation to latitude B

Question 3

Why is the lower mantle thicker than the upper mantle?

Accepted Answer

more pressure

Question 4

The property of matter that describes its resistance to flow is called

Accepted Answer

A)  viscosity. 
B)  convection. 
C)  conduction. 
D)  radiation. 
A)  viscosity. 
B)  convection. 
C)  conduction. 
D)  radiation.

Question 5

What happened to the initial magnetic field introduced into the computer simulation by Glatzmaier and Roberts?

Accepted Answer

A)  It faded away. 
B)  It increased. 
C)  It decreased. 
D)  It became self-sustaining. 
A)  It faded away. 
B)  It increased. 
C)  It decreased. 
D)  It became self-sustaining.

Question 6

Which of the following is a hypothesis regarding the initial formation of Earth's magnetic field?

Accepted Answer

A)  The magnetic field was transferred from the Sun. 
B)  Magnetite and other magnetic iron minerals aligned during solidification of the magma ocean. 
C)  The magnetic field was generated by Earth's rotation. 
D)  The magnetic field originated with Earth. 
A)  The magnetic field was transferred from the Sun. 
B)  Magnetite and other magnetic iron minerals aligned during solidification of the magma ocean. 
C)  The magnetic field was generated by Earth's rotation. 
D)  The magnetic field originated with Earth.

Question 7

Which observation indicates that heat is integral to the movement of fluid in a lava lamp?

Accepted Answer

A)  The lava moves upward when it reaches 50C. 
B)  The liquids expand as heat is applied. 
C)  The density of the lava decreases as it reaches 50C. 
D)  There is no movement of fluid in a cold lava lamp. 
A)  The lava moves upward when it reaches 50C. 
B)  The liquids expand as heat is applied. 
C)  The density of the lava decreases as it reaches 50C. 
D)  There is no movement of fluid in a cold lava lamp.

Question 8

Rising mantle material will ultimately stop because, at lower pressures, decompression causes the material to expand, cool and contract.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Evaluate the following statement. "Simplified models such as Glatzmaier and Roberts' computer simulation cannot falsify a hypothesis."

Accepted Answer

A)  This statement is false because the failure of a correlation between the model and the hypothesis could be due to an error in the model, not the hypothesis. 
B)  This statement is false because the failure of a correlation between the model and the hypothesis shows that there must be some error in the hypothesis. 
C)  This statement is true because the failure of a correlation between the model and the hypothesis could be due to an error in the model, not the hypothesis. 
D)  This statement is true because the failure of a correlation between the model and the hypothesis shows that there must be some error in the hypothesis. 
A)  This statement is false because the failure of a correlation between the model and the hypothesis could be due to an error in the model, not the hypothesis. 
B)  This statement is false because the failure of a correlation between the model and the hypothesis shows that there must be some error in the hypothesis. 
C)  This statement is true because the failure of a correlation between the model and the hypothesis could be due to an error in the model, not the hypothesis. 
D)  This statement is true because the failure of a correlation between the model and the hypothesis shows that there must be some error in the hypothesis.

Question 10

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below. Earth's magnetic field is due to a big mass of magnetized material inside Earth because magnets function only at relatively low temperatures.

Accepted Answer

A)  The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. 
B)  The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. 
C)  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. 
D)  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. 
E)  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect. 
A)  The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. 
B)  The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. 
C)  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. 
D)  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. 
E)  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Question 11

Which factor is not included in Glatzmaier and Roberts' model?

Accepted Answer

A)  Earth's rotation 
B)  compositional convection 
C)  convective motion 
D)  electricity and magnetism 
A)  Earth's rotation 
B)  compositional convection 
C)  convective motion 
D)  electricity and magnetism

Question 12

Which combination of factors would best lead to convection?

Accepted Answer

A)  low viscosity, low mass, and low heat conductivity 
B)  high viscosity, high mass, and high heat conductivity 
C)  low heat conductivity, low mass, and high viscosity 
D)  low viscosity, low heat conductivity, and high mass 
A)  low viscosity, low mass, and low heat conductivity 
B)  high viscosity, high mass, and high heat conductivity 
C)  low heat conductivity, low mass, and high viscosity 
D)  low viscosity, low heat conductivity, and high mass

Question 13

Seismic tomography shows regions of the mantle where seismic waves travel slightly slower or slightly faster than in adjacent rock.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

How is Earth's magnetic field oriented?

Accepted Answer

A)  almost parallel to the rotation axis 
B)  almost parallel to the equator 
C)  almost perpendicular to the rotation axis 
D)  almost perpendicular to the equator 
A)  almost parallel to the rotation axis 
B)  almost parallel to the equator 
C)  almost perpendicular to the rotation axis 
D)  almost perpendicular to the equator

Question 15

Judge the following sentences according to the criteria given below. A student disputes the process of mantle convection. They argue that rock is solid and cannot flow. They challenge their classmates to provide evidence for present day mantle convection. A classmate shows them a seismic tomographic map and cross section showing variations in S-wave velocities.

Accepted Answer

A)  The seismic tomographic map and cross section do show evidence for present day mantle convection and offers a strong affirmation of mantle convection. 
B)  The seismic tomographic map and cross section do show evidence present day mantle convection but this data cannot be used as evidence for mantle convection. 
C)  The seismic tomographic map and cross section has a random pattern of S-wave velocities and offers no evidence for anything. 
D)  The seismic tomographic map and cross section shows evidence for mantle convection in the past but not for present day mantle convection. 
A)  The seismic tomographic map and cross section do show evidence for present day mantle convection and offers a strong affirmation of mantle convection. 
B)  The seismic tomographic map and cross section do show evidence present day mantle convection but this data cannot be used as evidence for mantle convection. 
C)  The seismic tomographic map and cross section has a random pattern of S-wave velocities and offers no evidence for anything. 
D)  The seismic tomographic map and cross section shows evidence for mantle convection in the past but not for present day mantle convection.

Question 16

What happens as mantle rock rises?

Accepted Answer

A)  It cools and sinks again almost immediately. 
B)  It cools and contracts. 
C)  It expands at decreased pressure. 
D)  It melts and continues to push upward. 
A)  It cools and sinks again almost immediately. 
B)  It cools and contracts. 
C)  It expands at decreased pressure. 
D)  It melts and continues to push upward.

Question 17

What substitution did Glatzmaier and Roberts make in their model?

Accepted Answer

A)  straight-angled rotation of Earth for its real tilted axis 
B)  average density in place of specific densities 
C)  the viscosity of water for the viscosity of the outer core 
D)  thermal convection for compositional convection 
A)  straight-angled rotation of Earth for its real tilted axis 
B)  average density in place of specific densities 
C)  the viscosity of water for the viscosity of the outer core 
D)  thermal convection for compositional convection

Question 18

The magnetic north pole migrates about

Accepted Answer

A)  40 km per decade. 
B)  40 cm per day. 
C)  40 m per month. 
D)  40 km per year. 
A)  40 km per decade. 
B)  40 cm per day. 
C)  40 m per month. 
D)  40 km per year.

Question 19

Evaluate the following statement. "Convection is a method of heat transfer that requires movement and is not possible in the solid rock regions of Earth."

Accepted Answer

A)  This statement is true; however, convection occurs in the pliable regions of Earth and causes earthquakes to move solid rock. 
B)  This statement is false; convection occurs in all three states of matter. 
C)  The statement is true; heat transfer occurs only by other methods in the solid rock regions of Earth. 
D)  The statement is false; solid rock movement is possible at a slow rate. 
A)  This statement is true; however, convection occurs in the pliable regions of Earth and causes earthquakes to move solid rock. 
B)  This statement is false; convection occurs in all three states of matter. 
C)  The statement is true; heat transfer occurs only by other methods in the solid rock regions of Earth. 
D)  The statement is false; solid rock movement is possible at a slow rate.

Question 20

What processes transport heat without moving matter?

Accepted Answer

A)  convection and conduction 
B)  radiation and convection 
C)  radiation and conduction 
D)  radiation, conduction and convection 
A)  convection and conduction 
B)  radiation and convection 
C)  radiation and conduction 
D)  radiation, conduction and convection

"How does convection work?"

What is declination?

Why is the lower mantle thicker than the upper mantle?

The property of matter that describes its resistance to flow is called

What happened to the initial magnetic field introduced into the computer simulation by Glatzmaier and Roberts?

Which of the following is a hypothesis regarding the initial formation of Earth's magnetic field?

Which observation indicates that heat is integral to the movement of fluid in a lava lamp?

Rising mantle material will ultimately stop because, at lower pressures, decompression causes the material to expand, cool and contract.

Evaluate the following statement. "Simplified models such as Glatzmaier and Roberts' computer simulation cannot falsify a hypothesis."

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below. Earth's magnetic field is due to a big mass of magnetized material inside Earth because magnets function only at relatively low temperatures.

Which factor is not included in Glatzmaier and Roberts' model?

Which combination of factors would best lead to convection?

Seismic tomography shows regions of the mantle where seismic waves travel slightly slower or slightly faster than in adjacent rock.

How is Earth's magnetic field oriented?

What happens as mantle rock rises?

What substitution did Glatzmaier and Roberts make in their model?

The magnetic north pole migrates about

Evaluate the following statement. "Convection is a method of heat transfer that requires movement and is not possible in the solid rock regions of Earth."

What processes transport heat without moving matter?

Why Study Earth

Minerals: Building Blocks of the Planet

Rocks and Rock-Forming Processes

Formation of Magma and Igneous Rocks

Formation of Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks

Formation of Metamorphic Rocks

Earth Materials As Time Keepers

Earth Materials As Time Keepers

Making Earth

Deformation of Rocks

Global Tectonics: Plates and Plumes

Tectonics and Surface Relief

Soil Formation and Landscape Stability

Mass Movements: Landscapes in Motion

Streams: Flowing Water Shapes the Landscape

Water Flowing Underground

Glaciers: Cold-Climate Sculptors of Continents

Shorelines: Changing Landscapes Where Land Meets Sea

Wind: a Global Geologic Process

Global Warming: Real Time Change in the Earth System

Filters

Exam 10: Motion Inside Earth

"How does convection work?"

What is declination?

Why is the lower mantle thicker than the upper mantle?

The property of matter that describes its resistance to flow is called

What happened to the initial magnetic field introduced into the computer simulation by Glatzmaier and Roberts?

Which of the following is a hypothesis regarding the initial formation of Earth's magnetic field?

Which observation indicates that heat is integral to the movement of fluid in a lava lamp?

Rising mantle material will ultimately stop because, at lower pressures, decompression causes the material to expand, cool and contract.

Evaluate the following statement. "Simplified models such as Glatzmaier and Roberts' computer simulation cannot falsify a hypothesis."

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below. Earth's magnetic field is due to a big mass of magnetized material inside Earth because magnets function only at relatively low temperatures.

Which factor is not included in Glatzmaier and Roberts' model?

Which combination of factors would best lead to convection?

Seismic tomography shows regions of the mantle where seismic waves travel slightly slower or slightly faster than in adjacent rock.

How is Earth's magnetic field oriented?

What happens as mantle rock rises?

What substitution did Glatzmaier and Roberts make in their model?

The magnetic north pole migrates about

Evaluate the following statement. "Convection is a method of heat transfer that requires movement and is not possible in the solid rock regions of Earth."

What processes transport heat without moving matter?

Why Study Earth

Minerals: Building Blocks of the Planet

Rocks and Rock-Forming Processes

Formation of Magma and Igneous Rocks

Formation of Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks

Formation of Metamorphic Rocks

Earth Materials As Time Keepers

Earth Materials As Time Keepers

Making Earth

Deformation of Rocks

Global Tectonics: Plates and Plumes

Tectonics and Surface Relief

Soil Formation and Landscape Stability

Mass Movements: Landscapes in Motion

Streams: Flowing Water Shapes the Landscape

Water Flowing Underground

Glaciers: Cold-Climate Sculptors of Continents

Shorelines: Changing Landscapes Where Land Meets Sea

Wind: a Global Geologic Process

Global Warming: Real Time Change in the Earth System

Filters