Chat with AIExam 2: Conducting Health Research
Wendi is a long-time smoker, which carries a relative risk of about 23.0 for lung cancer death and 2.0 for heart disease mortality. From this information you can conclude that
(42) 
VerifiedC
A research team conducts a study, and their statistical analysis yields a correlation coefficient of 0.07 between two variables. What is true about this?
(33) VerifiedD
Summarize some guidelines for consumers to evaluate health research information that they find on the Internet.
(43) VerifiedA. Whereas people only heard about research from their doctors in the past, today the Internet (as well as TV and newspapers) publicizes it. However, this creates the problem that consumers may be reading untrustworthy, inaccurate information.
1. News media may focus on the most sensationalistic parts to get people's attention, misleading them.
2. Commercials may distort or disregard scientific evidence to sell health-related products or services.
B. Since more than 80% of Internet users look there for health information, consumers should ask themselves some questions to evaluate this information:
1. Who is responsible for a website's information? Sites with addresses (URLs) ending in ".org" belong to nonprofits; in ".gov" to government agencies; and in ".edu" to educational institutions, and are more likely to offer unbiased information. Sites with addresses (URLs) ending in ".com" belong to commercial/for-profit companies, and may be primarily motivated by sales.
2. What is a website's purpose? Sites selling things are less likely to give unbiased information. As dramatic "breakthroughs" are rare in science, sites promising these are suspect.
3. What evidence supports a website's claim? It should present findings obtained through published research studies by qualified scientists with government, research hospital, or university affiliations; and should provide references to those studies. Commercial claims and "satisfied customer" testimonials are typically not research evidence-based.
4. Is enough information available on a website for evaluating a scientific study's research design? Studies with larger samples (participant groups) yield more reliable results. Studies must use randomized, controlled experimental designs to imply causation of specific health outcomes; control for placebo effects; and, in retrospective or prospective designs, control sufficiently for potential confounding variables; and identify participant populations.
5. Is the health information on a website reviewed by an expert with research or medical credentials before it is posted?
6. Is the information on a website current? The site should identify the date of the most recent review or posting. Updated information is important, since scientific knowledge is continually evolving.
7. Recommended websites for current scientific health information include the National Institutes of Health (www.nih.gov) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (www.cdc.gov).
One of the advantages of conducting a longitudinal study is that longitudinal studies can _____________________.
(29) Contrast the concepts of reliability and validity. How is each important for psychological assessment?
(41) Summarize seven criteria that epidemiologists use for determining a cause-and-effect relationship between a condition and a disease.
(37) There is a ____________ correlation between physical age and physical health, such that as age increases, physical health decreases.
(39) What does research find about the relative effectiveness of placebos?
(33) Discuss the role of theory in research, including defining a theory. How does psychology utilize theories? Identify three characteristics of a useful theory. How do theories further science?
(45) Two research teams are both experimenting with new treatments for a medical condition. In one study, the condition involved currently has no treatment; in the other, there is an accepted treatment, to which the researchers seek alternative and/or improved options. Both studies are comparing an experimental treatment to a placebo. Ethically, what is the most likely opinion?
(28) A study examined two groups of people-those who were exercising and those who weren't-and examined their past history to try to understand why some people currently exercise whereas others do not. This is an example of what type of correlational design?
(34) An investigator measures blood pressure in a group of college students and then repeats these measurements every year for 20 years. This is an example of
(29) A study that follows the history of overweight male participants over a 30-year period would be
(27) Dr. Rich is conducting research that examines whether 20-year olds eat more low-fat foods than 70-year olds. This research is using a ________________ design.
(36) 
Filters
- Essay(0)
- Multiple Choice(0)
- Short Answer(0)
- True False(0)
- Matching(0)