Hyponatremia Can Sometimes Be Seen in Individuals Whose ECF Volume

Multiple Choice

Hyponatremia can sometimes be seen in individuals whose ECF volume is decreased by more than 10%.Which of the following factors contributes to the development of hyponatremia in this situation?

A) Decreased levels of ADH
B) Elevated levels of natriuretic peptides
C) Increased excretion of Na⁺ by the kidneys
D) Reduced excretion of solute-free water by the kidneys
E) Development of positive Na⁺ balance