Question 1

One reason Carlos continues to work at his job is the check he receives every two weeks.Carlos's paycheck is a(n)_____ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditional 
B)  primary 
C)  secondary 
D)  unconditional

Question 2

Pavlov conducted:

Accepted Answer

A)  correlational studies. 
B)  case studies. 
C)  observational research. 
D)  experimental research.

Question 3

Which term BEST describes the correlation a researcher is likely to find between the extent to which stimulus generalization is observed and the similarity between the original CS and the new one?

Accepted Answer

A)  zero 
B)  negative 
C)  positive 
D)  variable

Question 4

Conditioned taste aversion reflects the contribution of the _____ perspective in psychology to learning theory.

Accepted Answer

A)  sociocultural 
B)  evolutionary 
C)  psychoanalytic 
D)  humanistic

Question 5

John B.Watson and Rosalie Rayner's Little Albert study supported the idea that fear is innate.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

John B.Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1925)found that Little Albert's conditioned fear was elicited not only by a rat but also by a number of similar objects.Little Albert's behavior illustrates stimulus:

Accepted Answer

A)  generalization. 
B)  discrimination. 
C)  adaptation. 
D)  extinction.

Question 7

Which promotion exemplifies the use of a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Every now and then,a café announces a two-for-one deal. 
B)  A café offers its customers a punch card.Each time the patron purchases a beverage,a hole is punched; when ten holes have been punched,he or she receives a free beverage. 
C)  A café prints "You are a winner" on a random one-twelfth of its coffee lids; patrons receiving such a lid can redeem it for a free beverage. 
D)  A café offers a two-for-one deal from 5 a.m.to 6 a.m.on Monday mornings.

Question 8

Only humans appear capable of acquiring new behaviors through observational learning.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between partial and intermittent reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Partial reinforcement is different from intermittent reinforcement. 
B)  Partial reinforcement is similar to intermittent reinforcement. 
C)  Partial reinforcement is the same thing as intermittent reinforcement. 
D)  Partial reinforcement is the opposite of intermittent reinforcement.

Question 10

Ivan Pavlov focused on the conditioning of voluntary behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

The concept of extinction applies to both classical and operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

A research assistant in a lab conditions dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell.During conditioning,the assistant deliberately manipulates the interval between the sound of the bell and the presentation of food.After conditioning,he measures how much the dog salivates when the bell is presented alone.The interval is the _____ variable.The amount of salivation is the _____ variable.

Accepted Answer

A)  dependent; experimental 
B)  dependent; independent 
C)  independent; control 
D)  independent; dependent

Question 13

An actor has been hired to appear in a series of commercials promoting a new laptop computer.The actor's last two movies,however,have failed at the box office,which means that the actor may NOT serve as the optimal _____ in the commercials.

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcer 
B)  positive reinforcer 
C)  CS 
D)  US

Question 14

Conditioning can override most,if not all,of an organism's instinctive behavioral tendencies.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Ava is wheeling her toddler,Jamie,through the supermarket after a long and tiring day.When Jamie begins to fuss,Ava scolds her sharply and the toddler's fussing subsides.Ava has used _____ on Jamie.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  positive punishment. 
D)  negative punishment.

Question 16

Edward Thorndike introduced the term "reinforcement" to psychology.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Ivan Pavlov championed the use of introspection in psychology.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Sheryl makes pleasant small talk and pays her new boss a compliment before asking for a day off,because such a strategy was successful with a few of her previous bosses.This example most clearly illustrates:

Accepted Answer

A)  instinctive drift. 
B)  stimulus generalization. 
C)  shaping. 
D)  stimulus discrimination.

Question 19

Marisol became sick after eating clams; from then on,scallops and mussels also made her nauseous,but shrimp and lobster did not.Marisol's reaction illustrates both stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Sylvia is demonstrating prosocial behavior when she gives her seat on a crowded bus to a pregnant woman with a large shopping bag.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 5: Learning

One reason Carlos continues to work at his job is the check he receives every two weeks.Carlos's paycheck is a(n) _____ reinforcer.

Pavlov conducted:

Which term BEST describes the correlation a researcher is likely to find between the extent to which stimulus generalization is observed and the similarity between the original CS and the new one?

Conditioned taste aversion reflects the contribution of the _____ perspective in psychology to learning theory.

John B.Watson and Rosalie Rayner's Little Albert study supported the idea that fear is innate.

John B.Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1925) found that Little Albert's conditioned fear was elicited not only by a rat but also by a number of similar objects.Little Albert's behavior illustrates stimulus:

Which promotion exemplifies the use of a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement?

Only humans appear capable of acquiring new behaviors through observational learning.

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between partial and intermittent reinforcement?

Ivan Pavlov focused on the conditioning of voluntary behavior.

The concept of extinction applies to both classical and operant conditioning.

An actor has been hired to appear in a series of commercials promoting a new laptop computer.The actor's last two movies,however,have failed at the box office,which means that the actor may NOT serve as the optimal _____ in the commercials.

Conditioning can override most,if not all,of an organism's instinctive behavioral tendencies.

Ava is wheeling her toddler,Jamie,through the supermarket after a long and tiring day.When Jamie begins to fuss,Ava scolds her sharply and the toddler's fussing subsides.Ava has used _____ on Jamie.

Edward Thorndike introduced the term "reinforcement" to psychology.

Ivan Pavlov championed the use of introspection in psychology.

Sheryl makes pleasant small talk and pays her new boss a compliment before asking for a day off,because such a strategy was successful with a few of her previous bosses.This example most clearly illustrates:

Marisol became sick after eating clams; from then on,scallops and mussels also made her nauseous,but shrimp and lobster did not.Marisol's reaction illustrates both stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination.

Sylvia is demonstrating prosocial behavior when she gives her seat on a crowded bus to a pregnant woman with a large shopping bag.