Question 1

A quasi-reflective thinker would be most likely to say that:

Accepted Answer

A)  because knowledge is uncertain, any judgment about the evidence is purely subjective. 
B)  a correct answer exists for every problem. 
C)  some judgments are more valid than others due to their logical consistency. 
D)  decisions should be based solely upon what you can see with your own two eyes.

Question 2

Baako called his sister Nako on the phone and asked her if he wanted a chair his friend had offered him but that he could not fit in his apartment. Nako said "Sure!" because she was just starting out on her own and needed something to put at a kitchen table she had gotten from a friend. When she went to pick up the chair from Baako she was shocked to discover it was a large, dish shaped, and orange. Nako sat in it and loved it, thanked Baako and took the chair home. What is the best psychological explanation for why Nako was so surprised by the chair?

Accepted Answer

A)  It was not similar to her prototype for the word "chair." 
B)  It was orange. 
C)  It was free. 
D)  It was large.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true of formal reasoning?

Accepted Answer

A)  In formal reasoning, the information needed for drawing a conclusion or reaching a solution is specified clearly. 
B)  In formal reasoning, many approaches, viewpoints, or possible solutions may compete, and you may have to decide which one is most "reasonable." 
C)  Formal reasoning involves dialectical reasoning. 
D)  Formal reasoning uses heuristics, or rules of thumb, to try to reach a solution.

Question 4

When Manmeet's father passed away, the will stated that Manmeet and his brother should decide how to split the estate between them. After weeks of fighting over how to divide the inheritance, Manmeet tells his brother, "I would rather both of us get nothing, than for you to get more than is right!" This somewhat irrational position is likely the result of:

Accepted Answer

A)  fairness bias. 
B)  hindsight bias. 
C)  cognitive dissonance. 
D)  avoiding loss.

Question 5

In Chapter 2 (How Psychologists Do Research), we learned that in survey research, the phrasing of questions needs to be considered. How is this related to the importance of wording as noted in Chapter 9 (Thinking and Intelligence), especially with regard to the tendency to avoid loss and minimize risk?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Chapter 2 (How Psychologists Do Research),...

Question 6

________ thinkers generally assume that a correct answer always exists and can be obtained through the senses or from authorities.

Accepted Answer

A)  Prereflective 
B)  Quasi-reflective 
C)  Semi-reflective 
D)  Reflective

Question 7

A unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea is called a:

Accepted Answer

A)  prototype. 
B)  mental image. 
C)  cognitive schema. 
D)  proposition.

Question 8

The tendency to think, mistakenly, that human beings have nothing in common with other animals is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  anthropodenial. 
B)  anthropomorphism. 
C)  stereotype threat. 
D)  tacit knowledge.

Question 9

Based on the powers of thought and intelligence, human beings are called homo sapiens, which translates as:

Accepted Answer

A)  rational man. 
B)  creative man. 
C)  anthropomorphic man. 
D)  anthropocentric man.

Question 10

Martina is on a jury deciding the fate of a woman accused of assault. The jury has heard the arguments of both sides and is now deliberating. What type of reasoning should the jury use to decide the fate of the accused woman?

Accepted Answer

A)  dialectical reasoning 
B)  informal reasoning 
C)  quasi-reflective reasoning 
D)  prereflective reasoning

Question 11

One well-known theory of intelligence, the triarchic theory proposed by Robert Sternberg, distinguishes three different aspects of intelligence. Explain each of these aspects in detail.

Accepted Answer

The answer of One well-known theory of intelligence, the triarchic...

Question 12

________ is a system of beliefs about the way one's own mind and the minds of others work, and of how individuals are affected by their beliefs and feelings.

Accepted Answer

A)  Theory of mind 
B)  Cognitive ethology 
C)  Triarchical intelligence theory 
D)  Anthropomorphism

Question 13

One of the longest-running psychological studies ever conducted was begun by Lewis Terman in 1921 in order to learn about children who scored in the top one percent of the IQ distribution. As they reached adulthood, some of these "Termites," as they were called, fulfilled their early promise, but others did not. Analyze the differences between those who were successful and those who were not.

Accepted Answer

The answer of One of the longest-running psychological studies ever...

Question 14

Most people take longer to identify a platypus as a mammal than to identify a cat as a mammal. This is likely because a cat is closer to most people's _______________ for the concept of mammal.

Accepted Answer

A)  mental set 
B)  prototype 
C)  basic concept 
D)  algorithm

Question 15

Peter's mental representation of Thanksgiving includes associations about turkeys, attitudes toward the holiday, and expectations about the weight he would gain. These are all part of his ________ for the holiday.

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive schema 
B)  heuristic 
C)  hindsight bias 
D)  algorithm

Question 16

________ analysis is a statistical method for analyzing the intercorrelations among various measures or test scores. It can be used to identify clusters of correlated items that seem to be measuring some common ability.

Accepted Answer

A)  Psychometric 
B)  Factor 
C)  Behavioural 
D)  Intelligence quotient

Question 17

Which of the following is one of the components in Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

Accepted Answer

A)  metacognitive intelligence 
B)  cultural intelligence 
C)  contextual intelligence 
D)  emotional intelligence

Question 18

People who are ________ thinkers generally understand that some things can never be known with certainty, but they also understand that some judgments are more valid than others.

Accepted Answer

A)  prereflective 
B)  quasi-reflective 
C)  semi-reflective 
D)  reflective

Question 19

An especially representative example of a concept is called a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  mental set. 
B)  basic concept. 
C)  algorithm. 
D)  prototype.

Question 20

DeAndre and eleven others jurors are chosen for a major court case. As foreperson, it will be DeAndre's responsibility to make sure that when the jury begins deliberating, they consider arguments for and against the defendant's guilt. This method of deliberation is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  contextual intelligence. 
B)  dialectical reasoning. 
C)  formal reasoning. 
D)  inductive reasoning.

Exam 9: Thinking and Intelligence