Question 1

In the initial salivary reflex studied by Pavlov, the dogs salivated when food was placed in their mouths. This salivation was a(n)________.

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned response 
B)  unconditioned stimulus 
C)  conditioned response 
D)  conditioned stimulus

Question 2

Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder or other food to trigger the salivation. It was later observed that the salivation in the dog was triggered when the dog saw its dog dish, even before the food was placed in it. In this instance, the dog dish is the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus 
B)  unconditioned stimulus 
C)  conditioned response 
D)  unconditioned response

Question 3

A discriminative stimulus signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of
consequence.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Behaviorists focus on a basic kind of learning called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  instinctive drift 
B)  conditioning 
C)  sublimation 
D)  selective thinking

Question 5

The social-cognitive learning theory accounts for behavior in terms of observable acts and events, without references to mental events.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

In classical conditioning, ________ occurs when a stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response.

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus discrimination 
B)  stimulus generalization 
C)  acquisition 
D)  extinction

Question 7

A friend asks you to meet her at a new restaurant across town. You have never been to this specific address, but you find your way there anyway because you have experienced __________ learning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A friend asks you to meet her...

Question 8

Joan begs her father for a frosted cookie at the bakery but he refuses to buy her one. Joan continues to whine and complain until finally he breaks down and gets her the cookie. For Joan, the cookie is a ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive punisher 
B)  positive reinforcer 
C)  negative reinforcer 
D)  negative punisher

Question 9

When one is first acquiring a response, learning is usually most rapid under a continuous reinforcement
schedule.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Psychologists have taken advantage of the "Garcia effect" in order to develop humane ways of discouraging predators from preying on livestock. Explain this effect and then describe the classic study in which coyotes developed conditioned aversions to sheep.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Psychologists have taken advantage of the "Garcia...

Question 11

According to the behaviorists:

Accepted Answer

A)  psychological research needs to emphasize the unconscious underpinnings of behavior. 
B)  the predominant area of research should be free will and the mind. 
C)  researchers should focus on the interaction between nature and nurture. 
D)  observable events and acts are the focus of psychological research.

Question 12

In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Explain why extrinsic rewards can undermine the pleasure of doing something for its own sake.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain why extrinsic rewards can undermine the...

Question 14

Phil wants to train his parrot to kick a ball into a soccer net. Which of the following should he do?

Accepted Answer

A)  Wait until the parrot kicks the ball into the net on its own and then give it a food treat. 
B)  Use negative punishment until the parrot kicks the ball into the net. 
C)  Begin by reinforcing when the parrot goes near the ball. 
D)  Use positive punishment until the parrot kicks the ball into the net.

Question 15

When Keller and Marian Breland, two psychologists who became animal trainers, decided that it would be cute to have a pig drop a big wooden coin into a box, they found that:

Accepted Answer

A)  food was not an effective reinforcer for the pig and so learning didn't occur. 
B)  when given edible roots as reinforcers, the pig learned the task in fewer than 10 trials. 
C)  the pig was difficult to train because it kept dropping the coin, rooting, and throwing the coin in the air. 
D)  the pig showed intrinsic interest in the task and so reinforcement was unnecessary.

Question 16

Extrinsic rewards are not inherently related to the activity that is being reinforced.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

What kind of consequence will follow if you can't answer these questions?
-Robert, who is not disabled, has paid a large fine for parking in a handicapped space, and no longer does it. The loss of money is a __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What kind of consequence will follow if...

Question 18

________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.

Accepted Answer

A)  Shaping 
B)  Latent learning 
C)  Stimulus generalization 
D)  Stimulus discrimination

Question 19

If a dog begins to salivate at the sight of its dog food dish, then the dish is called a conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Every week, Jade spends her allowance on ½ pound of sour lemon gummy candies even though they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the street, Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth is puckering and overflowing with saliva. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the:

Accepted Answer

A)  little white bag. 
B)  allowance money. 
C)  puckering and saliva. 
D)  sour lemon gummy candy.

Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning

In the initial salivary reflex studied by Pavlov, the dogs salivated when food was placed in their mouths. This salivation was a(n) ________.

A discriminative stimulus signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence.

Behaviorists focus on a basic kind of learning called ________.

The social-cognitive learning theory accounts for behavior in terms of observable acts and events, without references to mental events.

In classical conditioning, ________ occurs when a stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response.

A friend asks you to meet her at a new restaurant across town. You have never been to this specific address, but you find your way there anyway because you have experienced __________ learning.

Joan begs her father for a frosted cookie at the bakery but he refuses to buy her one. Joan continues to whine and complain until finally he breaks down and gets her the cookie. For Joan, the cookie is a ________.

When one is first acquiring a response, learning is usually most rapid under a continuous reinforcement schedule.

Psychologists have taken advantage of the "Garcia effect" in order to develop humane ways of discouraging predators from preying on livestock. Explain this effect and then describe the classic study in which coyotes developed conditioned aversions to sheep.

According to the behaviorists:

In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Explain why extrinsic rewards can undermine the pleasure of doing something for its own sake.

Phil wants to train his parrot to kick a ball into a soccer net. Which of the following should he do?

When Keller and Marian Breland, two psychologists who became animal trainers, decided that it would be cute to have a pig drop a big wooden coin into a box, they found that:

Extrinsic rewards are not inherently related to the activity that is being reinforced.

What kind of consequence will follow if you can't answer these questions? -Robert, who is not disabled, has paid a large fine for parking in a handicapped space, and no longer does it. The loss of money is a __________.

________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.

If a dog begins to salivate at the sight of its dog food dish, then the dish is called a conditioned stimulus.