Question 1

Participants exposed to paired experiences of snakes and mild electric shock, then exhibited that they were experiencing palm sweat even when they only saw the pictures of the snakes. The snake photo was the __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  CS 
B)  US 
C)  CR 
D)  UR

Question 2

Instinctive or involuntary behavior would probably be BEST modified by ___________ .

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning 
B)  trial and error 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  shaping

Question 3

One of the difficulties in demonstrating that exposure to media violence increases aggression is the fact that much of the research on media violence and aggression relies on _______________ designs, which do not allow researchers to determine cause-and-effect relationships.

Accepted Answer

The answer of One of the difficulties in demonstrating that...

Question 4

An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a nude female. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then presents such a picture. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation the unconditioned response (UR) is the _______________.

Accepted Answer

A)  increased heartbeat 
B)  female's picture 
C)  sounds of the buzzer 
D)  viewing of the picture

Question 5

Corky's mouth waters when he sees Ball Park Franks, but not when he sees other brands of franks. This response is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction. 
B)  discrimination. 
C)  generalization. 
D)  intelligence.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a negative reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  turning off an electric shock 
B)  giving a spanking 
C)  removing a noxious odor 
D)  silencing a banging door

Question 7

_____ create(s) situations that make acquiring new knowledge more challenging and with benefits that are less obvious in the short term.

Accepted Answer

A)  Classical conditioning 
B)  Operant conditioning 
C)  Latent learning 
D)  Desirable difficulties

Question 8

The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior is known as __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  learning 
B)  intelligence formation 
C)  imprinting 
D)  cognition

Question 9

A slot machine is a classic example of a(n) ________________ schedule of reinforcement because players never know how many times they will have to pull the arm before they win again.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A slot machine is a classic example...

Question 10

Shaping is the process of:

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcing a series of responses that approximate the desired behavior. 
B)  decreasing the likelihood of a behavior. 
C)  reinforcing the basic motivational needs of a subject. 
D)  punishing a series of responses that you want to increase.

Question 11

Thorndike was known for his work with __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a puzzle box 
B)  modeling 
C)  monkeys 
D)  a Skinner box

Question 12

You classically condition your dog Milo to salivate when middle C is played on the piano, but you find that he also salivates when a high G is played. You make a point of playing high G and not giving Milo any food afterward, whereas you do give him food after you play C. After a few days, Milo stops salivating when high G is played but continues to salivate to middle C. This phenomenon is known as ________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  generalization 
B)  discrimination 
C)  bitonal judgment 
D)  spontaneous recovery

Question 13

Which of the following will decrease the likelihood of behavior reoccurring?

Accepted Answer

A)  negative punishment 
B)  negative reinforcement 
C)  positive reinforcement 
D)  fixed-ratio reinforcement

Question 14

Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Fourth of July festival, but at first pay just scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers. However, after just a few firecrackers have been exploded, some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the unconditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A)  the person lighting the firecrackers 
B)  the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers 
C)  the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers 
D)  the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode

Question 15

Operant conditioning assumes that:

Accepted Answer

A)  events that follow behavior affect whether the behavior is repeated in the future. 
B)  one's mental processes (e.g., memory and perception) mediate what behaviors one does in a situation. 
C)  voluntary behaviors are reflexive. 
D)  one learns by watching others' behavior.

Question 16

A child receives one homework pass-a coupon that allows her to skip a homework assignment-for every 10 word problems she completes during class. This is an example of both ___________ reinforcement and a ___________ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  negative; fixed ratio 
B)  positive; variable ratio 
C)  negative; variable ratio 
D)  positive; fixed interval

Question 17

Punishment occurs every day in families, schools, and workplaces. But often the intended results fail to occur. When punishment must be used, what are five guidelines that should be followed?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Punishment occurs every day in families, schools,...

Question 18

__________ is a change in an organism's behavior or knowledge brought about by experience.

Accepted Answer

A)  Learning 
B)  Adaptation 
C)  Memory enhancement 
D)  Accommodation

Question 19

Extinction occurs in classical conditioning when the ________ no longer produces the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  CS; US 
B)  CS; CR 
C)  US; CR 
D)  US; UR

Question 20

In general, studying is more effective when:

Accepted Answer

A)  desirable difficulties are present. 
B)  the information is organized in outlines that can quickly be reviewed several times. 
C)  the total amount of studying time is short. 
D)  all of the studying occurs in one long session.

Exam 6: Learning