Question 1

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment all serve to increase the occurrence of a given behavior. 
B)  Positive reinforcement serves to increase the occurrence of a given behavior whereas negative reinforcement and punishment serve to decrease its occurrence. 
C)  Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement serve to increase the occurrence of a given behavior whereas punishment serves to decrease its occurrence. 
D)  Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment all serve to decrease the occurrence of a given behavior.

Question 2

Describe Pavlov's classical conditioning studies in terms of the US, UR, CS, CR, and his results. Briefly discuss two examples of classical conditioning in your own life, naming the US, UR, CS, and CR.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe Pavlov's classical conditioning studies in terms...

Question 3

Stimulus control appears in ________ conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A)  operant, but not classical, 
B)  both classical and operant 
C)  classical, but not operant, 
D)  neither classical nor operant

Question 4

Learning is a process by which experience results in ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  acquisition of motivation 
B)  delayed genetic behavioral contributions 
C)  amplification of sensory stimuli 
D)  relatively permanent behavior change or potential behavior change

Question 5

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the bell was the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus 
B)  unconditioned stimulus 
C)  unconditioned response 
D)  conditioned response

Question 6

The person most closely associated with the development of desensitization therapy is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  John B. Watson 
B)  Joseph Wolpe 
C)  B. F. Skinner 
D)  Sigmund Freud

Question 7

On a variable-ratio schedule, reinforcement is given for the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  next correct response after a fixed number of responses have occurred 
B)  first correct response after varying amounts of time have passed 
C)  first correct response after a fixed amount of time has passed 
D)  next correct response after a varying number of responses have occurred

Question 8

College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half-hearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  contingency blocking 
B)  response generalization 
C)  latent learning 
D)  learned helplessness

Question 9

A dog, taught to salivate to the sound of a buzzer, learned that the buzzer was no longer followed by food and stopped salivating to the buzzer. If the buzzer was again paired with food after a few weeks, the dog would probably ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  not salivate 
B)  salivate 
C)  require only one trial pairing of the buzzer and the food to reestablish the association and begin salivating to the buzzer again 
D)  salivate only if the buzzer was dissimilar to the one on which it was conditioned

Question 10

In an experiment, two groups of dogs are given shocks to their feet. One group is able to escape the shocks by jumping over a barrier. The second group is harnessed and cannot escape. After several trials, both groups are put in situations where they can escape. The first group escapes the shocks but the second group just sits and whines, refusing to attempt to escape. The response of the second group is due to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  response generalization 
B)  learned helplessness 
C)  latent learning 
D)  contingency blocking

Question 11

Discuss the importance of contingencies in classical conditioning. In your discussion, explain what backward conditioning is and how it works.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the importance of contingencies in classical...

Question 12

A response that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs is a(n) ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  discriminative response 
B)  conditioned response 
C)  vicarious response 
D)  unconditioned response

Question 13

Secondary reinforcers are identical to negative reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Watson's Little Albert study demonstrated the effectiveness of classical conditioning in humans.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Lila doesn't like her psychology class because the instructor uses unannounced "pop" exams to test the class. As a result, she never knows when she will be tested. Her instructor is testing her on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval 
B)  variable-ratio 
C)  variable-interval 
D)  fixed-ratio

Question 16

The use of intermittent pairing ________ the rate of learning while it ________ the final strength of the learned response.

Accepted Answer

A)  reduces; reduces 
B)  increases; increases 
C)  increases; reduces 
D)  reduces; increases

Question 17

An unruly child has become conditioned to fear the sight of the principal's door. Over the past month, however, the child had no contacts with the principal. Now the child will probably ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  begin to fear all other doors in the school building 
B)  have an even greater fear of the principal's door 
C)  gradually stop fearing the sight of the principal's door 
D)  maintain former level of fear of the principal's door

Question 18

Explain the steps involved in modifying your own behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain the steps involved in modifying your...

Question 19

Superstitious behaviors are most commonly learned through ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  subliminal learning 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  vicarious learning 
D)  classical conditioning

Question 20

A group of dogs is taught to salivate to the ringing of a bell by pairing the sound of the bell with the presentation of meat. Once the dogs have been conditioned to the sound of the bell, a black square is presented each time the bell is rung. Soon, the dogs are salivating to the presentation of the black square without it being paired to the presentation of the bell. This is an example of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning 
B)  higher order conditioning 
C)  backward conditioning 
D)  response generalization

Exam 5: Learning