Question 1

Which of the following methods was used in the MacDonald and colleagues (1995)research on alcohol myopia?

Accepted Answer

A)   laboratory experiment
B)   party/bar diary
C)   laboratory experiment and party/bar diary
D)   observation by a research confederate pretending to be a fellow 'partier' C

Question 2

One reason that shift work has a detrimental effect on circadian rhythms is that:

Accepted Answer

A)   there isn't enough variability in the sleep schedules of shift workers.
B)   the nature of shift work is more physically taxing than other types of work typically done during the day.
C)   shift workers often get too much sleep.
D)   shift workers often go home in the morning daylight,which makes it difficult to properly reset their circadian clocks. D

Question 3

Tanya Chartrand and her colleagues (2002)subliminally presented a group of college students with words that were either strongly negative (e.g. ,cancer,cockroach)or strongly positive (e.g. ,friends,music).Their study found that:

Accepted Answer

A)   the subliminally presented words had no effect on mood.
B)   only the subliminally presented positive words produced a change in mood.
C)   subliminally presented words created moods similar to the valence of the words (e.g. ,negative words created sadder moods and positive words created positive moods) .
D)   surprisingly,the subliminally presented words created the opposite mood (e.g. ,negative words created positive moods) . C

Question 4

In order to study for exams,Sara starts drinking sodas with caffeine in them in order to better stay awake.After continuing this practice for several months,Sara notices that she needs to consume more caffeine to achieve the same effect.This decrease in her response to caffeine is best viewed as example of what is called:

Accepted Answer

A)   withdrawal.
B)   tolerance.
C)   placebo effect.
D)   homeostasis.

Question 5

Amphetamines are to dopamine as opiates are to:

Accepted Answer

A)   norepinephrine.
B)   serotonin.
C)   endorphins.
D)   acetylcholine.

Question 6

If a drug is introduced into the nervous system,the body attempts to maintain its state of optimal physiological balance called ________________ by producing ______________,which are reactions opposite to the effect of the drug.

Accepted Answer

A)   tolerance;compensatory responses
B)   withdrawal symptoms;homeostasis
C)   compensatory responses;withdrawal symptoms
D)   homeostasis;compensatory responses

Question 7

In Freud's levels of consciousness model,the preconscious and the unconscious are similar in that they both:

Accepted Answer

A)   are examples of automatic processing.
B)   contain information that people are currently aware of.
C)   are equivalent to the modern-day notion of the cognitive unconscious.
D)   contain information that people are currently unaware of.

Question 8

Psychologists who adhere to the ______________ theory of hypnosis argue that the technique creates a division of consciousness where a hypnotized individual experiences two simultaneous streams of consciousness that are separate from one another.

Accepted Answer

A)   dissociation
B)   social cognitive
C)   Freudian
D)   role

Question 9

Which of the following statements regarding hypnotic and posthypnotic amnesia is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)   Research has shown that hypnotic amnesia is an actual phenomenon that does occur whereas posthypnotic amnesia is not.
B)   Research has shown that posthypnotic amnesia is an actual phenomenon that does occur whereas hypnotic amnesia is not.
C)   Research has shown that both hypnotic and posthypnotic amnesia are actual phenomena that can occur,but there is still debate about the nature of the causes of each.
D)   Despite popular belief,research has shown that neither hypnotic nor posthypnotic amnesia are actual phenomena.

Question 10

The most widely used illicit drug in Canada is:

Accepted Answer

A)   alcohol.
B)   marijuana.
C)   LSD.
D)   heroin.

Question 11

Martin Orne (1959)conducted a study in which he told college students during a demonstration that hypnotized participants usually experience stiffening of the muscles in the dominant hand,even though this rarely occurs.When students who had heard this were later hypnotized themselves,__________ of them showed hand stiffening,whereas ___________ of the participants in a control group who knew nothing about hand stiffening showed this behaviour.

Accepted Answer

A)   95%;5%
B)   75%;1%
C)   55%;none
D)   30%;25%

Question 12

Children of alcoholic parents typically display faster hormonal and psychological reactions to alcohol.This most strongly suggests that _____________ factors have an impact on sensitivity to alcohol.

Accepted Answer

A)   environmental
B)   psychological
C)   behavioural
D)   genetic

Question 13

Which of the following statements is most consistent with social cognitive theories of hypnosis?

Accepted Answer

A)   Hypnotic effects are the product of a special state of dissociated consciousness.
B)   Hypnotized individuals become strongly immersed in expectation-based roles.
C)   The vast majority of hypnotic effects are the product of faking or play-acting.
D)   There is a hidden observer who is aware of everything that happens or goes on.

Question 14

You have just experienced a bizarre dream about a cat,a teapot,and an unusually large elephant.From an activation-synthesis perspective,this dream was likely generated by:

Accepted Answer

A)   latent content.
B)   manifest content.
C)   random signals from the brain stem.
D)   problems you've encountered in your life.

Question 15

Researchers have determined that mice can be bred to inherit a strong preference for drinking alcohol instead of water,indicating that __________ factors may play a significant role regarding the effect of this drug.

Accepted Answer

A)   psychological
B)   genetic
C)   environmental
D)   behavioural

Question 16

How many stages of sleep are there?

Accepted Answer

A)   one plus REM
B)   two plus REM
C)   three plus REM
D)   four plus REM

Question 17

According to _______________ theory,dreams are not constrained by reality,they can help us find creative solutions to our problems and ongoing concerns.

Accepted Answer

A)   problem-solving dream models
B)   activation-synthesis
C)   psychoanalytic
D)   cognitive processing

Question 18

Amphetamines have their effect by causing neurons to:

Accepted Answer

A)   decrease the release of dopamine and norepinephrine.
B)   increase the release of dopamine and norepinephrine.
C)   block the action of dopamine receptors.
D)   activate the action of dopamine receptors.

Question 19

When meditation was studied by researchers using brain imaging,they found

Accepted Answer

A)   activation in the cingulate cortex and areas in the frontal lobe that seemed specific to meditation.
B)   activation in a number of different brain areas that was related more to what image the subjects were focusing on than to meditation.
C)   no difference in brain activation from non-meditation.
D)   activation in the corpus callosum and areas in the occipital lobe that seemed specific to meditation.

Question 20

This refers specifically to the decreasing responsiveness of the nervous system to a drug:

Accepted Answer

A)   Tolerance
B)   Withdrawal
C)   Dependence
D)   Homeostasis

Exam 6: States of Consciousness

Which of the following methods was used in the MacDonald and colleagues (1995) research on alcohol myopia?