Question 1

In the Müller-Lyer visual illusion, a line with two open-angle ends appears longer than a line with two closed-angle arrowhead ends, even though the lines are in fact the same length. This illusion is more common in cultures:

Accepted Answer

A)  where carpentry is prominent, due to the prevalence of right angles. 
B)  where people are highly mobile, due to exposure to differing environments. 
C)  where there are many deserts, due to the frequency of rounded lines. 
D)  where archery is a common mode of hunting and defense, due to the prevalence of arrowheads.

Question 2

What was the term Rank used to describe how people develop unique personalities as a function of their growth motivation?

Accepted Answer

A)  individuation 
B)  self-determination 
C)  socialization 
D)  hedonism

Question 3

Which of the following descriptions is most true of the statement: "It is 3 p.m. on a Wednesday"?

Accepted Answer

A)  it reflects a culturally constructed understanding of time 
B)  it reflects a potential objective fact about the world 
C)  it reflects an understanding of time that humans have evolved to consider natural 
D)  it reflects an individual's unique experience of the passing of time

Question 4

Provide a brief summary of terror management theory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Provide a brief summary of terror management...

Question 5

While a melting-pot view of culture tends to encourage _____, a multicultural view tends to encourage _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  acculturation; socialization 
B)  socialization; acculturation 
C)  integration; assimilation 
D)  assimilation; integration

Question 6

In Rank's conception of the two fundamental psychological motives, _____ can be thought of as a form of approach motivation, and _____ can be thought of as a form of avoidance motivation.

Accepted Answer

A)  sexuality; hedonism 
B)  hedonism; sexuality 
C)  growth; security 
D)  security; growth

Question 7

According to research on the cognitive impacts of mood, people who have been put into a generally bad mood tend to do which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  make more quick but rational judgments 
B)  rely on preexisting knowledge rather than analyze information carefully 
C)  make more external attributions for any difficulties they experience 
D)  pay careful, critical attention to information about themselves and their environments

Question 8

Simone is 18 and lives with her single mother and younger siblings. She is torn between her desire to help her mother and her siblings, on the one hand, and to go to college on the other. According to Rank's theory of motivation, Simine's desire to stay with her family reflects her _____ motivation, while her desire to go to college reflects her _____ motivation.

Accepted Answer

A)  security; growth 
B)  growth; security 
C)  competence; autonomy 
D)  autonomy; competence

Question 9

Jocelyn is a stranger traveling in a foreign country. She looks, speaks, and behaves differently from the majority of the local people in this country. However, everywhere she goes, everyone is very friendly and informal with her, and acts as if she isn't any different from the other people around them. The way she is treated by the locals suggests that Jocelyn is in a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  collectivistic country. 
B)  individualistic country. 
C)  strong-situational country. 
D)  noncultural country.

Question 10

How are humans evolutionarily similar to other organisms? How are they evolutionarily unique? Use concrete examples of human adaptations and developmental aspects that appear unique in the animal kingdom. Also, use the basic concepts of evolutionary theory to discuss these unique human adaptations.

Accepted Answer

The answer of How are humans evolutionarily similar to other...

Question 11

Describe the general process of evolution by means of natural selection. What elements are required for natural selection to occur?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the general process of evolution by...

Question 12

Discuss how collectivistic and individualistic cultures relate to the four basic patterns of social relations that were described by A. P. Fiske.

Accepted Answer

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Question 13

Sarah has always had a desire to feel good about herself and her accomplishments. At this point in her life, Sarah is studying to pass the bar exam in her state. If she passes the exam, Sarah will feel very proud of herself. In this example, one could say that Sarah has a _____ to feel good about herself, and a _____ to pass the bar.

Accepted Answer

A)  goal; need 
B)  need; goal 
C)  motive; drive 
D)  drive; motive

Question 14

Which of the following factors does NOT help the process of cultural diffusion?

Accepted Answer

A)  advances in modes of transportation 
B)  communication technology 
C)  geographic isolation 
D)  the extent to which a belief or practice contributes to the material success of a culture

Question 15

Provide at least two examples of the influence of the natural environment on cultural-psychological processes.

Accepted Answer

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Question 16

The _____ system of thought is generally associated with automatic processes, while the _____ system of thought generally supports controlled processes.

Accepted Answer

A)  abstract action; concrete action 
B)  concrete action; abstract action 
C)  rational; experiential 
D)  experiential; rational

Question 17

According to cognitive appraisal theory, emotions consist of a primary appraisal that involves _____ and a secondary appraisal that involves _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  security motivation; growth motivation 
B)  growth motivation; security motivation 
C)  high-level cognition and the rational system; physiological arousal and the experiential system 
D)  physiological arousal and the experiential system; high-level cognition and the rational system

Question 18

What is the process of socialization? Why is it so important for humans?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the process of socialization? Why...

Question 19

If a person is presented with the words panda, monkey, and banana, and asked which words go together, a person who thinks more analytically will say:

Accepted Answer

A)  panda and banana. 
B)  monkey and banana. 
C)  panda and monkey. 
D)  all three words go together.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT one of the 10 universal values, identified as cross-culturally accepted by Schwartz and colleagues?

Accepted Answer

A)  hedonism 
B)  chastity 
C)  power 
D)  self-direction

Exam 2: Fundamentals of Social Behavior