Question 1

Jim is a marketing executive for the Apple Corporation.He wants to predict a person's iPod-related behavior from his or her attitude about iPods.To this end, Jim will administer a survey asking people about their attitude about iPods.Two years later, he will ask these same people to report on their behavior related to iPods.According to research on attitude-behavior consistency, Jim should measure people's attitude and behavior at the same level of specificity.Which of the following pairs of questions best satisfies this criterion?

Accepted Answer

A)   "How positively do you feel about iPods?" and "Have you used an iPod in the last month?"
B)   "How do you feel about iPods?" and "Have you used an iPod in the last two years?"
C)   "How much do you want to buy an iPod within the next two years?" and "Have you bought an iPod in the last two years?"
D)   "How negative do you feel about iPods?" and "How much have you talked about iPods in the last month?" C

Question 2

Boris says he does not like Howard Stern, the "shock-jock" radio personality.According to research by Regan and Fazio that examined the bases of people's attitudes, the relationship between Boris's attitude toward Stern and his Stern-relevant behaviors should be relatively weak if his attitude

Accepted Answer

A)   is extreme (as opposed to moderate) .
B)   is socially undesirable (as opposed to socially desirable) .
C)   derives from secondhand information (as opposed to firsthand information) .
D)   is risky (as opposed to cautious) . C

Question 3

Jesse loves strawberry ice cream, whereas Maria doesn't feel strongly about strawberry ice cream.Which of them would have a longer response latency to a question about his or her attitude toward strawberry ice cream?

Accepted Answer

A)   Jesse would have a longer response latency than Maria.
B)   Maria would have a longer response latency than Jesse.
C)   They would each have a similar response latency, because they each like ice cream.
D)   It would be impossible to measure the response latency for an attitude such as this. B

Question 4

Consider the following commonsense saying: "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again." According to cognitive dissonance theory, trying again should ____________ how much you value the outcome of your efforts.

Accepted Answer

A)   increase
B)   decrease
C)   not affect
D)   increase confusion over

Question 5

Recall that in one study, the experimenter showed children a set of five toys and asked them how much they liked each one.Then, the experimenter told each child that he or she was free to play with any of the toys except for the child's second favorite toy.In the "mild threat" condition of the experiment, children were told that the experimenter would be "annoyed" if they played with the forbidden toy.In the "severe threat" condition, children were told that the experimenter would be "very angry" if they played with the forbidden toy, and that the child would never see any of the toys ever again.The experimenter then left the room, and each child was covertly observed.Later on, the experimenters asked each child to reevaluate the toys.Consistent with cognitive dissonance theory, results showed that

Accepted Answer

A)   children in the "mild threat" condition tended to view the toy less favorably than children in the "severe threat" condition.
B)   children in the "severe threat" condition tended to view the toy less favorably than children in the "mild threat" condition.
C)   children in the "mild threat" condition were less likely to play with the toy while the experimenter was away from the room.
D)   children in the "severe threat" condition were less likely to play with the toy while the experimenter was away from the room.

Question 6

Molly knows the history of her home city of Philadelphia, and there are three landmarks downtown that she always shows to friends who visit.This knowledge of Philadelphia is the _____________ component of her attitude toward her city.

Accepted Answer

A)   cognitive
B)   affective
C)   behavioral
D)   knowledge

Question 7

Induced compliance does not produce attitude change.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Studies have shown that attitudes about participating in psychological research predict actual participation much more strongly among people who have previously taken part in research than among people who have not.Which of the following conclusions follows directly from these findings?

Accepted Answer

A)   Firsthand experience with an attitude object or event strengthens the link between attitude and behavior.
B)   There is a general mismatch between attitudes and behaviors.
C)   Attitude-behavior consistency is higher when these factors are measured at the same level of specificity.
D)   Consciously accessible attitudes predict behavior, whereas subconscious attitudes do not.

Question 9

Consciously recognized attitudes always determine both deliberative and automatic behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Department store managers strongly disapprove of shoplifters for many obvious reasons.However, some stores allow shoplifters to leave with merchandise! This is because many stores do not want to create a scene that will disturb good patrons.This scenario illustrates the social psychological argument that

Accepted Answer

A)   attitudes are determined by reasoned action.
B)   behaviors are not determined solely by attitudes.
C)   prevailing norms of appropriate behavior are irrational.
D)   attitudes prompt attitude-consistent behaviors.

Question 11

Cacioppo and colleagues have examined how arm movements can influence attitudes by asking participants to view Chinese characters while either extending an arm away or flexing an arm toward themselves.Which of the following BEST sums up the results of this research?

Accepted Answer

A)   The arm movements did not affect participants' attitudes toward the different Chinese characters.
B)   The participants had more favorable attitudes toward the characters they viewed while extending an arm away, compared with while flexing an arm.
C)   The participants had more favorable attitudes toward the characters they viewed while flexing an arm, compared with while extending their arm.
D)   Participants who nodded their heads showed the most positive attitudes toward the characters.

Question 12

According to self-perception theory, people come to understand themselves and their attitudes in the same way that they come to understand others and their attitudes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

According to Wilson, why should introspection decrease the correlation between attitudes and behaviors?

Accepted Answer

A)   Introspection decreases perceptions of control and attention to social norms.
B)   Introspection decreases the salience of the "real" reasons for our attitudes.
C)   Introspection generates emotions that weaken one's attitudes.
D)   Introspection increases ambivalence and uncertainty over our beliefs.

Question 14

According to terror management theory, if Jennifer, an American, hears news of a terrorist attack that occurred at a hotel she just checked out of, she will be more receptive to persuasive messages that argue against the American way of living.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

If Jeff believes in saving the environment but finds himself deciding to throw away aluminum cans because his college campus does not recycle, he may experience an aversive emotional state due to the inconsistency between two cognitions.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)   the elaboration likelihood model.
B)   induced compliance theory.
C)   self-affirmation theory.
D)   cognitive dissonance theory.

Question 16

According to the textbook, getting paid a lot of money to do things that violate your core values-as compared to getting no money to violate your core values-should

Accepted Answer

A)   not produce much dissonance.
B)   produce a lot of dissonance.
C)   lead to attitude change.
D)   prompt confusion over one's true attitude.

Question 17

According to Heider's theory, which of the following is an example of a triad that is balanced?

Accepted Answer

A)   You like Laura and Donna.Laura dislikes Donna.
B)   You dislike Laura and like Donna.Donna also dislikes Laura.
C)   You dislike Laura and Donna.Laura also dislikes Donna.
D)   You like Laura.You dislike Donna, but Laura likes Donna.

Question 18

Recall that when anti-Asian sentiments were common in the early 1930s, Richard LaPiere spent two years touring the Unites States with a young Chinese couple.Together, they visited numerous hotels, auto camps, restaurants, and cafes.LaPiere compared the attitudes of people who managed these various establishments with how well (or poorly)these people actually treated the Chinese couple.The text used this study to introduce an important point, namely, that

Accepted Answer

A)   the effect of attitudes on behavior is weaker than many people think.
B)   the effect of norms on attitudes is stronger than many people think.
C)   the effect of attitudes on behavior is stronger than many people think.
D)   the effect of norms on attitudes is weaker than many people think.

Question 19

Most of the research on cognitive dissonance has been conducted on Caucasian American students.Recall, however, that Kitayama, Snibbe, Markus, and Suzuki conducted a cross-cultural investigation.In this study, Japanese and Canadian participants were asked to choose between two CDs.In one condition, participants were asked, after ranking a large number of CDs, to choose between two of the middle-ranked CDs.In the other condition, participants were asked to rank the presumed preferences of the "average college student." Results showed that

Accepted Answer

A)   the manipulation made no difference for either the Canadians or the Japanese.
B)   the manipulation made a difference for both the Canadians and the Japanese.
C)   the manipulation made a difference for the Canadians but not for the Japanese.
D)   the manipulation made a difference for the Japanese but not for the Canadians.

Question 20

According to Daryl Bem, self-perception theory is most appropriately applied to situations in which

Accepted Answer

A)   prior attitudes are weak.
B)   prior attitudes are about extremely important matters.
C)   prior attitudes are unambiguous.
D)   Both a and c are correct.

Exam 7: Attitudes, Behavior, and Rationalization

Boris says he does not like Howard Stern, the "shock-jock" radio personality.According to research by Regan and Fazio that examined the bases of people's attitudes, the relationship between Boris's attitude toward Stern and his Stern-relevant behaviors should be relatively weak if his attitude

Jesse loves strawberry ice cream, whereas Maria doesn't feel strongly about strawberry ice cream.Which of them would have a longer response latency to a question about his or her attitude toward strawberry ice cream?

Consider the following commonsense saying: "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again." According to cognitive dissonance theory, trying again should ____________ how much you value the outcome of your efforts.

Molly knows the history of her home city of Philadelphia, and there are three landmarks downtown that she always shows to friends who visit.This knowledge of Philadelphia is the _____________ component of her attitude toward her city.

Induced compliance does not produce attitude change.

Studies have shown that attitudes about participating in psychological research predict actual participation much more strongly among people who have previously taken part in research than among people who have not.Which of the following conclusions follows directly from these findings?

Consciously recognized attitudes always determine both deliberative and automatic behaviors.

Cacioppo and colleagues have examined how arm movements can influence attitudes by asking participants to view Chinese characters while either extending an arm away or flexing an arm toward themselves.Which of the following BEST sums up the results of this research?

According to self-perception theory, people come to understand themselves and their attitudes in the same way that they come to understand others and their attitudes.

According to Wilson, why should introspection decrease the correlation between attitudes and behaviors?

According to terror management theory, if Jennifer, an American, hears news of a terrorist attack that occurred at a hotel she just checked out of, she will be more receptive to persuasive messages that argue against the American way of living.

If Jeff believes in saving the environment but finds himself deciding to throw away aluminum cans because his college campus does not recycle, he may experience an aversive emotional state due to the inconsistency between two cognitions.This is an example of

According to the textbook, getting paid a lot of money to do things that violate your core values-as compared to getting no money to violate your core values-should

According to Heider's theory, which of the following is an example of a triad that is balanced?

According to Daryl Bem, self-perception theory is most appropriately applied to situations in which