Question 1

Omar and Nadia are a newly married couple.They work in multinational companies.Omar receives a job offer from an overseas company.As a result,they are required to relocate abroad.Nadia has to decide if she wants to stay back and continue with her current job or move abroad with her husband where she will have limited job opportunities.In this scenario,after arriving at a decision,Nadia can reduce her dissonance by:

Accepted Answer

A) upgrading her choice. 
B) pondering the negative aspects of what she chooses. 
C) evaluating the positive aspects of what she does not choose. 
D) downgrading her husband's choice.

Question 2

The finding that religious attitudes predict the total quantity of religious behaviors over time across many situations defines:

Accepted Answer

A) moral hypocrisy. 
B) the false consensus effect. 
C) the ABCs of attitudes. 
D) the principle of aggregation.

Question 3

According to the theory of _____,you can best predict a person's behavior when you know that person's intended behaviors and their perceived self-efficacy and control.

Accepted Answer

A) attitude formation 
B) inoculation 
C) planned behavior 
D) correlated behavior

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true of dissonance theory?

Accepted Answer

A) It explains what happens when one acts contrary to one's clearly defined attitudes. 
B) It is ideal for explaining attitude formation. 
C) It predominantly explains changes that occur without dissonance. 
D) It best explains the overjustification effect.

Question 5

Ji-woo wakes up one morning and feels happy and cheerful.She concludes that she must be happy because her best friend paid her a visit the previous evening after a long time.In the context of psychology,which of the following theories supports Ji-woo's conclusion?

Accepted Answer

A) Erikson's stages of development 
B) Maslow's hierarchy of needs 
C) cognitive dissonance theory 
D) self-perception theory

Question 6

You have recently been promoted to manager of the firm where you work.You decide to use your knowledge of social psychology to improve the working conditions of your subordinates.You know that dissonance theory predicts that attitudes will follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility.Therefore,you decide to use _____ to elicit the desired behaviors in your subordinates.

Accepted Answer

A) reminders of your legitimate authority 
B) only social punishments and rewards 
C) promises rather than threats 
D) only enough incentive

Question 7

If the number of people in favor of same-sex marriages increases after a law is passed allowing such marriages,this will be an example of how:

Accepted Answer

A) attitudes influence behavior when they are specific to the behavior examined. 
B) attitudes influence behavior when they are potent. 
C) moral attitudes feed moral actions. 
D) moral actions feed moral attitudes.

Question 8

Once we make a decision or choice,and feel some cognitive dissonance,we _____.

Accepted Answer

A) give additional reasons for that decision or choice 
B) begin to doubt our reasons for making that decision or choice 
C) become less confident about the decision or choice 
D) find the option we did not choose highly attractive

Question 9

The disjuncture between attitudes and actions is what Daniel Batson and his colleagues call _____,appearing moral while avoiding the costs of being so.

Accepted Answer

A) moral conflict 
B) moral cowardice 
C) moral hypocrisy 
D) moral realism

Question 10

The daily flag salute by schoolchildren in the United States is an attempt to use _____ to build _____.

Accepted Answer

A) compliance;attitudes 
B) public beliefs;private conformity 
C) public conformity;private patriotism 
D) conformity;compliance

Question 11

In 1964,Leon Festinger observed that:

Accepted Answer

A) changing people's attitudes often hardly affects their behavior. 
B) attitudes guide behaviors. 
C) people's behaviors are a result of their changing attitudes. 
D) attitudes and behaviors varied together.

Question 12

Based on studies conducted by implicit attitude researchers,which of the following statements is true of implicit biases?

Accepted Answer

A) Implicit biases are the better predictor of attitudes related to consumer behavior than explicit self-reports. 
B) Behavior is predicted best with implicit biases rather than a combination of implicit biases and explicit biases. 
C) Implicit biases are pervasive. 
D) People have the same kind of implicit biases.

Question 13

Diener and Wallbom (1976)found that when research participants were instructed to stop working on a problem after a bell sounded,71% continued working when left alone.How many continued working after the bell if they were made self-aware by working in front of a mirror?

Accepted Answer

A) 70% 
B) 43% 
C) 31% 
D) 7%

Question 14

Attitudes include all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A) affect. 
B) behavior tendency. 
C) cognition. 
D) aptitude.

Question 15

According to Rosenfeld et al.(1980)and Sansone (1986),rewards that seek to control people and lead them to believe it was the reward that caused their effort diminish the intrinsic appeal of an enjoyable task.In the context of psychology,this behavior is likely caused by:

Accepted Answer

A) the insufficient justification effect. 
B) the overjustification effect. 
C) the ambiguity effect. 
D) the identifiable victim effect.

Question 16

Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)found that when people act in a manner that is contrary to their internal attitudes they feel uncomfortable.To reduce this discomfort,they may change their attitudes.This is known as:

Accepted Answer

A) defensive pessimism. 
B) self-perception theory. 
C) the insufficient justification effect. 
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 17

In the context of thought-control programs and POWs (prisoners of war),prisoners were _____ to comply with a significant request if they complied with a trivial request first.

Accepted Answer

A) less likely 
B) more likely 
C) not interested 
D) unlikely

Question 18

_____ assumes that when our attitudes are weak or ambiguous,we infer them by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs.In other words,we deduce our attitudes in the same manner as would an outside observer.

Accepted Answer

A) Cognitive dissonance theory 
B) The overjustification effect 
C) Game theory 
D) Self-perception theory

Question 19

Which theory states that people often experience a self-image threat after engaging in an undesirable behavior,and they can compensate by affirming another aspect of the self?

Accepted Answer

A) self-perception theory 
B) self-justification theory 
C) self-presentation theory 
D) self-affirmation theory

Question 20

Which theory assumes that when our attitudes are weak,we will simply observe our behavior and its circumstances and then infer our attitudes?

Accepted Answer