Question 1

In one laboratory experiment where sets of twins played games for money, identical twins were _______________ as likely as fraternal twins to cooperate with their twin for a shared gain.

Accepted Answer

A)  half again 
B)  twice 
C)  three times 
D)  one third

Question 2

The reciprocity norm should be strongest for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Kent, a London resident 
B)  Julia, a New York city resident 
C)  Missy, a resident of a small, rural farm town 
D)  Tam, a Tokyo resident

Question 3

The social-responsibility norm refers to the expectation that

Accepted Answer

A)  people will help when necessary in order to receive help themselves later. 
B)  leaders should help more than regular group members. 
C)  people will help those dependent upon them. 
D)  to receive help, people have the responsibility to ask for it.

Question 4

The idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one's close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  evolutionary kinship. 
B)  altruistic selection. 
C)  kin selection. 
D)  self-serving helpfulness.

Question 5

The vicarious experience of another's feeling is

Accepted Answer

A)  egoism. 
B)  empathy. 
C)  altruism. 
D)  voyeurism.

Question 6

Research evidence indicates that prosocial models

Accepted Answer

A)  presented on television have virtually no effect on children. 
B)  promote altruism in children but not in adults. 
C)  promote altruism in the observers. 
D)  in the long run decrease helping because observers seem to believe that aid is less necessary.

Question 7

Research by Beaman and colleagues shows that once people understand why the presence of bystanders ____________ helping they become ____________ likely to help in group situations.

Accepted Answer

A)  inhibits; more 
B)  inhibits; less 
C)  increases; more 
D)  increases: less

Question 8

The sequence of steps in Latane and Darley's bystander intervention theory are as follows:

Accepted Answer

A)  Notice the incident, assume responsibility, interpret as an emergency, try to help. 
B)  Notice the incident, interpret as an emergency, try to help, assume responsibility. 
C)  Notice the incident, try to help, assume responsibility, interpret as an emergency. 
D)  Notice the incident, interpret as an emergency, assume responsibility, try to help.

Question 9

Research on the relationship between personality traits and helping behaviour reveals that

Accepted Answer

A)  personality traits have little to no influence on helping. 
B)  the person and the situation interact to predict helping. 
C)  assertiveness strongly predicts helping across a variety of situations. 
D)  gender is the only person characteristic that predicts helping better than situational factors.

Question 10

We are more likely to redeem ourselves with helpful behaviour when ______________.

Accepted Answer

A)  no one knows about our misdeeds. 
B)  other people know about our misdeeds. 
C)  we are afraid that someone will find out about our misdeeds. 
D)  None of these choices.

Question 11

Takooshian and Bodinger (1982) staged hundreds of car burglaries in 18 cities. They found that fewer than 1 in 10 passers-by

Accepted Answer

A)  called the police. 
B)  interpreted the event as a burglary. 
C)  tried to stop them. 
D)  even questioned their activity.

Question 12

Who of the following is least likely to help an injured pedestrian?

Accepted Answer

A)  Peter, who has just found $10 in a grocery store. 
B)  Anita, who is five minutes late for a committee meeting. 
C)  Carol, who has just lost a dollar bill in a poker game. 
D)  Ralph, who is five minutes early for work.

Question 13

Preliminary indications of research on personality traits are that those high in ______________ are most likely to be concerned and helpful.

Accepted Answer

A)  femininity, assertiveness, and dominance 
B)  emotionality, empathy, and self-efficacy 
C)  masculinity, sympathy, and nurturance 
D)  sensitivity, compassion, and introversion

Question 14

Social-exchange theorists argue that we are most likely to help someone

Accepted Answer

A)  who is dependent on us. 
B)  who is less attractive than we are. 
C)  who deserves to be helped. 
D)  whose approval is important to us.

Question 15

According to research, helping ___________ a bad mood and __________ positive self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

A)  softens; sustains 
B)  increases; decreases 
C)  increases; sustains 
D)  softens; increases

Question 16

According to Daniel Batson, when witnessing another person's distress triggers empathy and compassion, the act of helping is motivated by

Accepted Answer

A)  egoism. 
B)  altruism. 
C)  the social responsibility norm. 
D)  anxiety reduction.

Question 17

Schaller and Cialdini told participants who felt sad over a suffering victim that their sadness was going to be relieved by listening to a comedy tape. Under these conditions, participants who felt empathy for the victim

Accepted Answer

A)  were not especially helpful. 
B)  became distressed at the attempt to turn their attention away from victim. 
C)  were even more likely to offer aid to the victim. 
D)  asked the experimenters to include the victim in the mood-boosting experience.

Question 18

You observe a woman rush into the street in front of a speeding car to pull a child out of the way. According to Skinner's analysis of altruism, in which of the following situations would you not see her action as altruistic?

Accepted Answer

A)  The woman was a stranger to the child. 
B)  The speeding car was a police car. 
C)  Another woman had done the same thing the week before. 
D)  None of these choices.

Question 19

If you find a lost wallet, you ought to return it to its owner or turn it in to the proper authorities. Such a prescription for appropriate behaviour is an example of a

Accepted Answer

A)  norm. 
B)  template. 
C)  moral schema. 
D)  natural law.

Question 20

Sarah, a university student who studies psychology, is most likely to help which of the following individuals?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bill, a 60-year old politician. 
B)  Jane, a 16 year old high-school drop-out. 
C)  Sarah, a 45-year old nurse. 
D)  Paul, a 24-year old construction worker.

Exam 8: Altruism: Helping Others