Question 1

The sociometer model emphasizes:

Accepted Answer

A)  self-verification.
B)  social comparison.
C)  the desire to fit in with others.
D)  the desire to stand out from others. C

Question 2

All of the following are ways that people maximize self-growth EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  foster a positive mood.
B)  explore novel aspects of the world.
C)  experience flow.
D)  focus on become more intrinsically motivated. D

Question 3

Janella is highly successful in a domain that is not very important to her self-esteem,so she is motivated to:

Accepted Answer

A)  see her competitor as dissimilar to her
B)  see her competitor as similar to her
C)  evaluate her ability in comparison to her competitor
D)  not evaluate her ability in comparison her competitor B

Question 4

The key concept behind cognitive dissonance theory is that people:

Accepted Answer

A)  base their self-esteem on cognitive assessments of their ability.
B)  are willing to distort reality in order to maintain a sense of themselves as inconsistent and flexible.
C)  experience an uncomfortable tension over inconsistencies in their beliefs,attitudes,and behavior.
D)  are highly sensitive to unexpected information coming from the environment.

Question 5

A coherent life story connecting one's past,present,and possible future is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)  self-concept clarity.
B)  self-verification.
C)  self-complexity.
D)  a self-narrative.

Question 6

Aronson and Mills (1959)conducted a classic study in which female college students were recruited for a discussion group.In one condition participants were put through a difficult initiation into the group.In a second condition participants were put through a mild initiation into the group.Finally,in the control condition they were simply admitted to the group.The discussion that they actually listened to was quite boring.Which group stated they liked to group and were committed to the group?

Accepted Answer

A)  those who did not have an initiation prior to listening to the discussion
B)  those who had a mild initiation
C)  those who had a difficult initiation
D)  those who were already committed to being in the discussion group

Question 7

In Festinger and Carlsmith's classic study on cognitive dissonance,subjects paid $1.00 tended to have more attitude change than individuals paid $20.00.This was due to:

Accepted Answer

A)  commitment.
B)  choice.
C)  weak external justification.
D)  foreseeable aversive consequences.

Question 8

Ataui is asked by her niece to explain the benefits of exercise.Then,a few minutes later,Ataui reflects on the fact that she has not exercised in quite some time.According to research on cognitive dissonance processes,what is Ataui now likely to do?

Accepted Answer

A)  engage in exercise
B)  not engage in exercise,and come up with an excuse for not doing so
C)  exercise,but only if she feels there is a strong external incentive to do so
D)  exercise,but only if she can see no external reason why she should

Question 9

The theory of symbolic self-completion suggests that:

Accepted Answer

A)  individuals associate with others who support their self-views.
B)  people tend to be insensitive to feedback from the environment suggesting that their behavior could improve.
C)  if people feel threatened in one self-relevant domain,they will compensate by shifting their focus on their abilities in a different domain.
D)  when people feel a self-defining aspect of themselves is threatened,they compensate by displaying symbols which support their self-definition.

Question 10

When giving a sincere performance,a person _____;when giving a cynical performance,a person _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  is not committed to succeeding;is committed to succeeding
B)  is committed to succeeding;is not committed to succeeding
C)  is not consciously aware that they are performing;is consciously aware that they are performing
D)  is consciously aware that they are performing;is not consciously aware that they are performing

Question 11

In an induced compliance paradigm:

Accepted Answer

A)  individuals are given the opportunity to reduce dissonance in a number of different possible ways.
B)  individuals choose between alternatives and,subsequently,their attraction to the alternatives is assesse
C)  individuals are allowed to choose between several undesirable tasks.
D)  individuals are manipulated into engaging in a behavior that goes against their attitudes.

Question 12

What is the implication for parenting based on research on the minimal deterrence phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children are happiest if their parents allow them to explore the environment,without providing a strict set of rules and norms.
B)  The more difficult it is for children to feel included in a particular activity,the more they will ultimately justify engaging in that activity by seeing it as good.
C)  Minimal deterrence is the most effective way to provide a child with maximal external reason to avoid undesired behavior.
D)  Minimal deterrence makes a child more likely to internalize the idea that he or she doesn't want to engage in the undesired behavior.

Question 13

Compared to younger people,older people are consistently:

Accepted Answer

A)  more anxious.
B)  more depressed.
C)  more active.
D)  happier.

Question 14

Wong has just received feedback in his gym class that he is not as good of an athlete as he thought he was.If he pursues the defensive strategy of compensation,what is Wong now likely to do?

Accepted Answer

A)  try harder to become a good athlete
B)  stay out partying before the next athletic competition
C)  brag about his academic accomplishments
D)  think about another individual who is worse at athletics than he is

Question 15

The theory of _____ states that people seek to reduce discomfort caused by inconsistencies in their beliefs and behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A)  symbolic self-completion
B)  self-affirmation
C)  cognitive dissonance
D)  self-presentation

Question 16

People from individualist cultures are more likely to experience dissonance _____,while people from collectivist cultures are more likely to experience dissonance _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  in private settings;in public settings
B)  in public settings;in private settings
C)  during young adulthood;during older adulthood
D)  during older adulthood;during young adulthood

Question 17

According to research on self-verification,people who have negative views of themselves seek out others who have:

Accepted Answer

A)  negative views of them.
B)  positive views of them.
C)  neutral views of them.
D)  ambivalent views of them.

Question 18

In social psychological research,self-verification refers primarily to:

Accepted Answer

A)  trying out multiple different self-concepts across one's lifespan.
B)  seeking out others who support the way one views oneself.
C)  storing autobiographical information about the self.
D)  focusing more on the needs of the self than the needs of others.

Question 19

All of the following are elements of self-compassion EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  maintaining a deep sense that the self is always good.
B)  recognizing that all people are limited in certain ways and prone to some amount of failure.
C)  accepting negative feelings about the self.
D)  being kind to the self.

Question 20

According to self-presentation research,when we want to get people to like us _____ is an effective technique.

Accepted Answer

A)  self-promotion
B)  supplication
C)  ingratiation
D)  intimidation

Exam 6: The Key Self-Motives: Consistency, Esteem, Presentation, and Growth