Elizabeth, a High School Student Who Smokes Cigarettes, Saw a Film

Multiple Choice

Elizabeth, a high school student who smokes cigarettes, saw a film in her health class that depicted horrible scenes of people dying from lung cancer. After class, a friend asked her whether the film had convinced her to quit smoking. Elizabeth said no. However, a few days later, she realized she did want to quit and decided to sign up for a program to help her stop smoking. Based on research on persuasion, what might you conclude?

A) High-fear messages are based on the primacy effect.
B) Elizabeth was distracted while watching the film.
C) Elizabeth has low self-esteem.
D) Elizabeth was experiencing the self-fulfilling prophecy.