Question 1

Declarative memory can be divided into short-term memory and working memory.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 2

The three parts of the information-processing theory of memory are ___________

Accepted Answer

A)   sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
B)   CS, UCS, UR, and CR.
C)   encoding, storage, and retrieval.
D)   shallow, medium, and deep processing. A

Question 3

The three-stage model of memory is one of the best-known models in all of psychology. Describe the three stages of memory and their characteristics. Explain how the three-stage model of memory might explain the famous serial position effect.

Accepted Answer

The three-stage model of memory, proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968, consists of three main stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Sensory memory is the first stage of memory and is responsible for briefly holding sensory information from the environment. It has a large capacity but a very brief duration, typically lasting only a few seconds. This stage allows us to retain a sensory impression of a stimulus after the original stimulus has ceased.

Short-term memory is the second stage of memory and is responsible for holding a small amount of information for a short period of time, typically around 20-30 seconds. It has a limited capacity, usually around 7 items, and is easily disrupted by new information. Short-term memory is also involved in conscious thought and problem-solving.

Long-term memory is the third stage of memory and is responsible for storing a vast amount of information for a potentially unlimited duration. It has a seemingly unlimited capacity and is relatively stable. Long-term memory is further divided into explicit (declarative) memory, which includes memories that can be consciously recalled, and implicit (procedural) memory, which includes memories that are not consciously recalled but still influence behavior.

The three-stage model of memory can explain the famous serial position effect, which refers to the tendency for items at the beginning and end of a list to be better remembered than those in the middle. According to the model, the primacy effect (better recall of items at the beginning of a list) is due to the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory, while the recency effect (better recall of items at the end of a list) is due to the retention of information in short-term memory. Items in the middle of the list are less likely to be transferred to long-term memory and are more susceptible to interference from other items, leading to poorer recall. This phenomenon demonstrates how the three-stage model of memory can account for the serial position effect.

Question 4

The fact that few people can accurately describe a penny even though they have handled thousands of them is an example of__________

Accepted Answer

A)   encoding failure.
B)   retroactive interference.
C)   proactive interference.
D)   elaboration failure.

Question 5

In the levels-of-processing model of memory, information that gets processed at a ________ level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase) is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a _________ level (such as the visual characteristics of a word).

Accepted Answer

A)   deeper; shallower
B)   shallower; deeper
C)   higher; lower
D)   lower; higher

Question 6

Professor Chapstick wears a scarf that has pictures of snakes eating rats while she lectures her students about a particular chapter of material. Many of her students have a slight fear or repulsed feeling looking at her scarf, because they are not comfortable with snakes. According to the state-dependent memory effect, under which of the following circumstances would the students perform the best on the exam?

Accepted Answer

A)   If Professor Chapstick does not wear her scarf during the exam
B)   If Professor Chapstick does wear her scarf during the exam
C)   If Professor Chapstick is not in the room during the exam
D)   If Professor Chapstick lays the scarf on the table, but does not wear it during the exam

Question 7

__________ improves working memory efficiency and plays a role in the development and maintenance of synapses in memory areas of the brain, such as the hippocampus.

Accepted Answer

A)   Estrogen
B)   Cortisol
C)   Testosterone
D)   Epinephrine

Question 8

Molly effortlessly recalls prayers in church that she had learned years earlier from her mother. This is likely because of__________

Accepted Answer

A)   overlearning.
B)   method of loci.
C)   massed practice.
D)   consolidation.

Question 9

The misinformation effect refers to the tendency of people who are asked misleading questions or given misleading information to incorporate that information into their memories for a particular event.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

The best analogy for the way long-term memory is conceptualized would be _________

Accepted Answer

A)   a revolving door.
B)   a filing cabinet.
C)   a desktop.
D)   a television.

Question 11

Which of the following examples represents the shallowest processing as described by Craik and Lockhart?

Accepted Answer

A)   recalling an object's function
B)   attending to the sound of a word
C)   thinking about the meaning of a word
D)   recalling that an object was rectangular

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true of retrieval cues?

Accepted Answer

A)   They are important in helping us remember items stored in long?term memory.
B)   They are aids in rote rehearsal in short?term memory.
C)   They can be helpful in both long- and short?term memory.
D)   They have been recently shown to have little effect on the accessibility of information.

Question 13

Multiple-choice, matching, and true/false questions are all examples of __________ test items.

Accepted Answer

A)   recall
B)   relearning
C)   recognition
D)   easy

Question 14

Simon, a 50-year-old restaurant chef, has a very good memory of facts and events. Which of the following memories is LEAST likely to be a flashbulb memory?

Accepted Answer

A)   the assassination of John F. Kennedy
B)   the fact that water boils at 212 degrees F
C)   the terrorist attack of September 11th, 2001
D)   the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger

Question 15

148. Long-term potentiation involves a reduction in the efficiency of neural transmission across synapses.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

________ is a person's vast storehouse of permanent or relatively permanent memories.

Accepted Answer

A)   Episodic memory
B)   Long-term memory
C)   Short-term memory
D)   Eidetic memory

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT one of the three processes in memory?

Accepted Answer

A)   consolidation
B)   storage
C)   encoding
D)   retrieval

Question 18

In the game show Jeopardy! contestants are tested on general information. The type of memory used to answer these kinds of questions is _________

Accepted Answer

A)   procedural.
B)   semantic.
C)   episodic.
D)   working.

Question 19

When a person's ____________is damaged or removed, anterograde amnesia, or the inability to form new memories, results.

Accepted Answer

A)   hippocampus
B)   prefrontal lobe
C)   amygdala
D)   cerebellum

Question 20

A psychologist asks people to recall the name of their kindergarten teacher. Surprisingly, the majority of people correctly do this and comment, "Gee whiz, I haven't thought about that old bat [or old coot] in years!" Their ability to do so is a severe problem for which theory of forgetting?

Accepted Answer

A)   interference theory
B)   decay
C)   encoding failure
D)   retroactive interference

Exam 6: Memory