Question 1

Thinking that our premonitions correlate with events represents

Accepted Answer

A)  a representative heuristic. 
B)  an availability heuristic. 
C)  an illusory correlation. 
D)  the overconfidence phenomenon.

Question 2

You used to envy your brother because he was always so self-assured when talking to others. Yet the older you become, the more you realize that your brother is more often convinced of things rather than accurate about things. Your brother's behavior can be explained by the

Accepted Answer

A)  perseverance bias. 
B)  fundamental attribution error. 
C)  correspondence bias. 
D)  overconfidence phenomenon.

Question 3

On the first day of class, we see a middle-aged man at the front of the room, talking to a younger man. If we assume the older man is the professor and the younger man is the student, we are relying on _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  overconfidence phenomenon 
B)  representativeness heuristic 
C)  belief perseverance 
D)  misinformation effect

Question 4

The theory of how people explain others' behavior by ascribing it either to internal dispositions or to external situations is called

Accepted Answer

A)  dispositional theory. 
B)  motivational theory. 
C)  situational theory. 
D)  attribution theory.

Question 5

According to the fundamental attribution error, observers

Accepted Answer

A)  underestimate situational influences. 
B)  emphasize social circumstances. 
C)  underestimate internal causes. 
D)  engage in situational attribution.

Question 6

"Explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious is called

Accepted Answer

A)  controlled processing. 
B)  automatic processing. 
C)  external processing. 
D)  intentional processing.

Question 7

Research on gambling has found that throwing the dice or spinning the wheel increases people's confidence. This illustrates the

Accepted Answer

A)  illusory correlation. 
B)  illusion of control. 
C)  representative heuristic. 
D)  availability heuristic.

Question 8

You did not study for your psychology exam. However, you imagine yourself earning a better grade than the one you actually earned. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  implicit thinking. 
B)  explicit thinking. 
C)  counterfactual thinking. 
D)  the fundamental attribution error.

Question 9

Sometimes the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives. Social psychologists refer to this as

Accepted Answer

A)  rationalization. 
B)  cognitive dissonance. 
C)  attitude consistency. 
D)  belief perseverance.

Question 10

In an experiment, Lee Ross set up a simulated quiz game. He randomly assigned some Stanford University students to play the role of questioner, some to play the role of contestant, and others to observe. Results indicated that

Accepted Answer

A)  both contestants and observers thought the questioners were more knowledgeable than the contestants. 
B)  both contestants and observers thought the contestants were more knowledgeable than the questioners. 
C)  observers thought the questioners were more knowledgeable, but contestants attributed the outcomes to the situation. 
D)  questioners thought themselves more knowledgeable, but contestants attributed the outcomes to the situation.

Question 11

Your boss is always cranky. You assume this is because she is an unhappy person. What type of attribution are you making to explain her behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  motivational 
B)  dispositional 
C)  situational 
D)  illusory

Question 12

A belief that leads to its own accomplishment is called

Accepted Answer

A)  a self-fulfilling prophecy. 
B)  a belief confirmation. 
C)  self-confirming validity. 
D)  behavioral perseverance.

Question 13

The more we think on our theories and elaborate on how they might be true, the less open we are to outside information that challenges our beliefs. This statement is best explained by

Accepted Answer

A)  belief perseverance. 
B)  the misinformation effect. 
C)  priming. 
D)  the overconfidence phenomenon.

Question 14

Attributing behavior to a person's environment is called _____ attribution.

Accepted Answer

A)  motivational 
B)  dispositional 
C)  situational 
D)  genetic

Question 15

Richard Miller and colleagues (1975) investigated the reduction of littering in three classrooms. Which class still showed a reduction in littering two weeks after the study ended?

Accepted Answer

A)  The class that was repeatedly told that they should be neat and tidy 
B)  The class that was reprimanded repeatedly for littering 
C)  The class that was repeatedly congratulated for being neat and tidy 
D)  The class whose littering was ignored

Question 16

According to a study by Burger and Pavelich (1994), voters were more likely to attribute the outcome of an election to the _____ the day after a presidential election, and to the _____ a year after the election.

Accepted Answer

A)  poor weather on election day; candidate's oral presentation skills 
B)  candidate's oral presentation skills; poor weather on election day 
C)  candidate's personal traits and positions; nation's economy 
D)  nation's economy; candidate's personal traits and positions

Question 17

People in Western cultures are more inclined to assume that others' behaviors

Accepted Answer

A)  reflect inner traits. 
B)  are caused by the situation. 
C)  do not reflect inner traits. 
D)  do not cause events.

Question 18

Burger and Pavelich (1994) found that voters were more likely to attribute the outcome of an election to the candidate's personal traits and positions the day after a presidential election, and to the nation's economy a year after the election. This represents which of the following explanations for the fundamental attribution error?

Accepted Answer

A)  Misattribution is particularly less likely when men are in positions of power. 
B)  We observe others from a perspective that is similar to the way we observe ourselves. 
C)  The passage of time decreases the tendency toward the attribution error. 
D)  When explaining someone's behavior, we often overestimate the impact of the situation.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT an example of automatic thinking?

Accepted Answer

A)  schemas 
B)  emotional reactions 
C)  expertise 
D)  reflection

Question 20

"Implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness is called

Accepted Answer

A)  controlled processing. 
B)  automatic processing. 
C)  internal processing. 
D)  intentional processing.

Exam 3: Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind

Thinking that our premonitions correlate with events represents

You used to envy your brother because he was always so self-assured when talking to others. Yet the older you become, the more you realize that your brother is more often convinced of things rather than accurate about things. Your brother's behavior can be explained by the

On the first day of class, we see a middle-aged man at the front of the room, talking to a younger man. If we assume the older man is the professor and the younger man is the student, we are relying on _____.

The theory of how people explain others' behavior by ascribing it either to internal dispositions or to external situations is called

According to the fundamental attribution error, observers

"Explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious is called

Research on gambling has found that throwing the dice or spinning the wheel increases people's confidence. This illustrates the

You did not study for your psychology exam. However, you imagine yourself earning a better grade than the one you actually earned. This is an example of

Sometimes the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives. Social psychologists refer to this as

In an experiment, Lee Ross set up a simulated quiz game. He randomly assigned some Stanford University students to play the role of questioner, some to play the role of contestant, and others to observe. Results indicated that

Your boss is always cranky. You assume this is because she is an unhappy person. What type of attribution are you making to explain her behavior?

A belief that leads to its own accomplishment is called

The more we think on our theories and elaborate on how they might be true, the less open we are to outside information that challenges our beliefs. This statement is best explained by

Attributing behavior to a person's environment is called _____ attribution.

Richard Miller and colleagues (1975) investigated the reduction of littering in three classrooms. Which class still showed a reduction in littering two weeks after the study ended?

According to a study by Burger and Pavelich (1994) , voters were more likely to attribute the outcome of an election to the _ the day after a presidential election, and to the _ a year after the election.

People in Western cultures are more inclined to assume that others' behaviors

Which of the following is NOT an example of automatic thinking?

"Implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness is called

Exam 3: Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind

Thinking that our premonitions correlate with events represents

You used to envy your brother because he was always so self-assured when talking to others. Yet the older you become, the more you realize that your brother is more often convinced of things rather than accurate about things. Your brother's behavior can be explained by the

On the first day of class, we see a middle-aged man at the front of the room, talking to a younger man. If we assume the older man is the professor and the younger man is the student, we are relying on _____.

The theory of how people explain others' behavior by ascribing it either to internal dispositions or to external situations is called

According to the fundamental attribution error, observers

"Explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious is called

Research on gambling has found that throwing the dice or spinning the wheel increases people's confidence. This illustrates the

You did not study for your psychology exam. However, you imagine yourself earning a better grade than the one you actually earned. This is an example of

Sometimes the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives. Social psychologists refer to this as

In an experiment, Lee Ross set up a simulated quiz game. He randomly assigned some Stanford University students to play the role of questioner, some to play the role of contestant, and others to observe. Results indicated that

Your boss is always cranky. You assume this is because she is an unhappy person. What type of attribution are you making to explain her behavior?

A belief that leads to its own accomplishment is called

The more we think on our theories and elaborate on how they might be true, the less open we are to outside information that challenges our beliefs. This statement is best explained by

Attributing behavior to a person's environment is called _____ attribution.

Richard Miller and colleagues (1975) investigated the reduction of littering in three classrooms. Which class still showed a reduction in littering two weeks after the study ended?

According to a study by Burger and Pavelich (1994) , voters were more likely to attribute the outcome of an election to the _____ the day after a presidential election, and to the _____ a year after the election.

People in Western cultures are more inclined to assume that others' behaviors

Which of the following is NOT an example of automatic thinking?

"Implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness is called

According to a study by Burger and Pavelich (1994) , voters were more likely to attribute the outcome of an election to the _ the day after a presidential election, and to the _ a year after the election.