Question 1

When racial disparity in sentencing occurs in some contexts,but not others,it is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  internal discrimination
B)  subtle racial discrimination
C)  institutional discrimination
D)  deliberate discrimination B

Question 2

Research comparing the sentences of illegal immigrants to U.S.citizens has found that illegal immigrants are more likely to be sentenced to prison,but are more likely to _____________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  receive a shorter prison sentence
B)  have their sentences suspended
C)  be sentenced under guidelines
D)  plead guilty as charged A

Question 3

To be fair,a sentencing scheme must allow the judge or jury _______to shape sentences to fit individuals and their crimes.

Accepted Answer

A)  discretion
B)  power
C)  time
D)  discrimination A

Question 4

The differential treatment of interracial crimes is most pronounced with property crimes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

The liberation hypothesis suggests that jurors deviate from fact-finding in cases in which the evidence against the defendant is weak or contradictory.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

One possible explanation for racial disparity in sentencing is that minorities are more often subject to facially neutral _______________which proscribe more severe sentences or sentence enhancements.

Accepted Answer

The answer of One possible explanation for racial disparity in...

Question 7

Reviews of sentencing studies from the 1930s through the 1960s found that most were:

Accepted Answer

A)  methodologically flawed.
B)  methodologically sophisticated.
C)  theoretically baseless.
D)  too limited in scope.

Question 8

Judges have access to all relevant information when determining an offender's culpability or dangerousness to society at the time of imposing sentence.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

David Greenberg has suggested that some judges may be concerned about changes in the racial/ethnic makeup of a community and display ____________________racism in their sentencing decisions

Accepted Answer

The answer of David Greenberg has suggested that some judges...

Question 10

Steffensmeier and his colleagues argue that judges develop a _______________based on stereotypes and attributions that are linked to offender characteristics.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Steffensmeier and his colleagues argue that judges...

Question 11

The term __________ characterizes that segment of the deviant population that is viewed as particularly threatening and dangerous.

Accepted Answer

A)  predators
B)  social dynamite
C)  social predators
D)  social feeders

Question 12

Ojmarrh Mitchell's meta-analysis of published research on race and sentencing found a larger effect size in jurisdictions without _________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  full time public defenders
B)  pretrial release programs
C)  structured sentencing guidelines
D)  indeterminate sentencing

Question 13

Reviews of sentencing studies conducted from the 1930s through the 1960s found that most were methodologically __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Reviews of sentencing studies conducted from the...

Question 14

Some researchers,building on Kalven and Zeisel's "liberation hypothesis,"122 assert that African Americans will be sentenced more harshly than whites in:

Accepted Answer

A)  all cases
B)  no cases
C)  more serious cases
D)  less serious cases

Question 15

Research comparing the sentencing decisions of African American and white state court judges has yielded ___________results.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research comparing the sentencing decisions of African...

Question 16

Auerhahn suggested that the offender's race and ethnicity would not have a direct effect on the length of the sentence.Rather,she hypothesized that harsher treatment would be reserved for African American and Hispanic defendants who more closely matched stereotypes of:

Accepted Answer

A)  dangerousness and threat
B)  past criminals
C)  illegal aliens
D)  flight risks

Question 17

The fact that minorities have a greater likelihood of pretrial detention and unemployment,which often leads to harsher sentences,is an example of ______________discrimination.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The fact that minorities have a greater...

Question 18

____________________is a legally relevant factor that may very well be "race-linked"..

Accepted Answer

A)  Place of residence
B)  Education
C)  Prior criminal record
D)  Socioeconomic status

Question 19

The numerous studies of racial disparity in sentencing conducted during the 1970s and 1980s are notable for their __________ theoretical and methodological sophistication.

Accepted Answer

A)  variation in
B)  creativity in
C)  uniformity in
D)  low levels of

Question 20

_________________is one example of a "process-related" factor that interacts with race to explain disparity in sentencing between minorities and whites.

Accepted Answer

A)  Unemployment
B)  Neighborhood composition
C)  Gender
D)  Pretrial detention

Exam 7: Race and Sentencing: in Search of Fairness and Justice

When racial disparity in sentencing occurs in some contexts,but not others,it is called:

Research comparing the sentences of illegal immigrants to U.S.citizens has found that illegal immigrants are more likely to be sentenced to prison,but are more likely to _____________________.

To be fair,a sentencing scheme must allow the judge or jury _______to shape sentences to fit individuals and their crimes.

The differential treatment of interracial crimes is most pronounced with property crimes.

The liberation hypothesis suggests that jurors deviate from fact-finding in cases in which the evidence against the defendant is weak or contradictory.

One possible explanation for racial disparity in sentencing is that minorities are more often subject to facially neutral _______________which proscribe more severe sentences or sentence enhancements.

Reviews of sentencing studies from the 1930s through the 1960s found that most were:

Judges have access to all relevant information when determining an offender's culpability or dangerousness to society at the time of imposing sentence.

David Greenberg has suggested that some judges may be concerned about changes in the racial/ethnic makeup of a community and display ____________________racism in their sentencing decisions

Steffensmeier and his colleagues argue that judges develop a _______________based on stereotypes and attributions that are linked to offender characteristics.

The term __________ characterizes that segment of the deviant population that is viewed as particularly threatening and dangerous.

Ojmarrh Mitchell's meta-analysis of published research on race and sentencing found a larger effect size in jurisdictions without _________________.

Reviews of sentencing studies conducted from the 1930s through the 1960s found that most were methodologically __________.

Some researchers,building on Kalven and Zeisel's "liberation hypothesis,"¹²² assert that African Americans will be sentenced more harshly than whites in:

Research comparing the sentencing decisions of African American and white state court judges has yielded ___________results.

Auerhahn suggested that the offender's race and ethnicity would not have a direct effect on the length of the sentence.Rather,she hypothesized that harsher treatment would be reserved for African American and Hispanic defendants who more closely matched stereotypes of:

The fact that minorities have a greater likelihood of pretrial detention and unemployment,which often leads to harsher sentences,is an example of ______________discrimination.

____________________is a legally relevant factor that may very well be "race-linked"..

The numerous studies of racial disparity in sentencing conducted during the 1970s and 1980s are notable for their __________ theoretical and methodological sophistication.

_________________is one example of a "process-related" factor that interacts with race to explain disparity in sentencing between minorities and whites.