Relationships with Peers Are Often Foremost in 12-Year-Old Jonathan's Mind

Multiple Choice

Relationships with peers are often foremost in 12-year-old Jonathan's mind and can have a huge impact on his emotional state. For example, when classmates treat him well, he's quite happy and self-assured, but when someone snubs him or makes fun of him, he becomes very depressed and thinks, "No one likes me." Which one of the following concepts related to motivation best explains Jonathan's significant mood swings?

A) Contingent self-worth
B) Self-handicapping
C) Self-actualization
D) Need for achievement