Question 1

Who has the primary responsibility for ensuring the ethical treatment of participants in the experimental setting?

Accepted Answer

A)   the American Psychological Association
B)   the researcher
C)   the Human Subjects' Committee
D)   the Institutional Review Board B

Question 2

The core of ethical principles in research is that:

Accepted Answer

A)   a scientist is autonomous and can make value judgments without interference from outside sources.
B)   the participant's rights are always more important than the scientist's right to know.
C)   participants should not be harmed.
D)   the scientist's right to know are always more important than the participant's rights. C

Question 3

If a researcher is telling her subjects about the potential risk of participating in a study, she is illustrating the principle of:

Accepted Answer

A)   voluntary participation.
B)   informed consent.
C)   debriefing.
D)   interrater reliability. B

Question 4

What percentage of psychological research uses animal research?

Accepted Answer

A)   less than 10%
B)   20%
C)   30%
D)   50%

Question 5

Animals are used in psychology experiments because:

Accepted Answer

A)   it may be unethical or illegal to use humans.
B)   underlying mechanisms of behavior are similar across species and may be easier to study in animals.
C)   psychologists are interested in animals for their own sake.
D)   all of these

Question 6

Make an argument that Milgram's studies on obedience were ethical.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Make an argument that Milgram's studies on...

Question 7

The primary purpose of IRB is to:

Accepted Answer

A)   check for the proposed study's internal and external validity.
B)   protect participants' welfare and rights.
C)   determine the qualifications of the researcher.
D)   fund research projects.

Question 8

The principle(s) that require(s) participants' personal identity be kept separate from their data is (are):

Accepted Answer

A)   voluntary participation.
B)   confidentiality.
C)   anonymity.
D)   confidentiality and anonymity.

Question 9

According to the chapter, a useful metaphor in guiding research ethics is to think of participants as:

Accepted Answer

A)   blank slates.
B)   children in need of protection.
C)   colleagues.
D)   encyclopedia full of information waiting to be "read."

Question 10

The ____ is a code of ethics for medical experimentation with human subjects developed after WWII.

Accepted Answer

A)   Milgram protocol
B)   Nuremberg code
C)   American Medical Association convention
D)   Genovese protocol

Question 11

In Milgram's obedience-to-authority research, ethical principles were violated even though subjects were not physically harmed. This is because:

Accepted Answer

A)   shocks could have been issued by accident.
B)   subjects were forced to participate.
C)   psychological harm may have resulted.
D)   none of these

Question 12

The deception at issue in Milgram's study was to:

Accepted Answer

A)   use shocks that were more painful than originally described.
B)   use "false" participants.
C)   tell participants that the study was examining learning.
D)   tell participants that they were to be paid.

Question 13

The American Psychological Association provides:

Accepted Answer

A)   a fixed set of rules that must be followed with respect to ethical decisions in experimentation.
B)   a fixed set of ethical rules for human experiments but not for animal studies.
C)   a set of principles or guidelines rather than a set of rules.
D)   no particular rules of guidelines for experiments in psychology.

Question 14

What are some research questions that are difficult to address because of ethical considerations? Are there any solutions to these dilemmas?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are some research questions that are...

Question 15

Debriefing is important because:

Accepted Answer

A)   the experimenter can gain information from participants concerning their experience of the experiment.
B)   it is an opportunity to justify any deception used.
C)   it helps to ensure that participants leave the laboratory with their self-esteem intact.
D)   all of these

Question 16

Applying ethics becomes problematic when considering:

Accepted Answer

A)   concrete situations like the scientific experiment.
B)   theory.
C)   abstractions.
D)   hypotheses.

Question 17

When the rights of the experimenter and participant come into conflict, what procedures can be followed to resolve the conflict?

Accepted Answer

The answer of When the rights of the experimenter and...

Question 18

What are the rights of the participant in experimentation?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the rights of the participant...

Question 19

Institutional review boards are typically made up of people from:

Accepted Answer

A)   the institution
B)   the community
C)   legal firms
D)   both the institution and the community

Question 20

US government guidelines for animal research state that:

Accepted Answer

A)   animals may not be subjected to pain under any circumstances.
B)   animals undergoing surgical procedures must be properly anesthetized.
C)   only trained psychologists may use animals in research.
D)   all of these

Exam 4: Understanding Student Differences